Considering a variety of theories such like Dunkin's, Centra's and Kolitch's, a set of 13 indicators are designed to evaluate effect of courses taken in high education of China currently, compro-mised by chief aspects of course designing, practicing, and effect. Three courses including medical nursing, humanistic cultivation and communication skills in nursing and fundamentals of nursing in a nursing de-partment are chosen to be objects of questionnaire survey about the above indicators. The results show that there are significant differences in curriculum effectiveness between different courses. The scores are 2.81, 2.80 and 2.60 respectively, and teachers and students have different evaluation on the same indicators of the same curriculum,which provides a reference for teachers, colleges and universities and teaching management departments to promote the improvement of teaching quality.

Functional constipation(FC) in childhood is characterized by a low defecation frequency in combination with either involuntary loss of stools(encopresis),passage of large amounts of stool,retentive posturing,or hard and often painful defecation.It represents 3%-5% of general pediatric outpatient visits and up to 25% of pediatric gastroenterology consultations.FC is a diagnosis made by history and physical examination.No testing is necessary or desirable.The decision to seek medical care for symptoms arises from a parent′s or caretaker′s concern for children.The caretaker′s threshold for concern varies with his or her experiences and expectations,coping style,and perception of illness,till now there is not an universal native criteria established in spite of much has been done in it.The criteria used are still to draw assistance from the foreign standard,among which the classic criteria,the Rome Ⅱ and Rome Ⅲ criteria are considered commonly used.The purpose of this paper is to descript the several foreign criteria,and to make comparison among them,and to explore their applicability and effectiveness in childhood FC

ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics of violence behavior of the psychotics in communities. Methods37 psychotics who used to have violence behavior were investigated with Questionnaire of Characteristics and Associated Factor for Violence Behavior of Psychotics in Communities created ourselves. ResultsThe psychotics suffered violence behavior appeared some peculiarities for the time, place, and dealing with tools, etc. Their mental state, course of disease and treatment were associated with their violence behavior. ConclusionThere is some characteristics in most of the violence behavior of the psychotics, which may be helpful for preventing.

Objective To explore the application of question-based lectures made by students in teaching chapter of nuclear chemical and biological weapon damage among field military nursing.Methods The participants were junior students of four-year undergraduate program.Questions on emergency treatment and care of chemical and biological weapon damage were proposed after a lecture by teacher.Students were divided into three groups after class and each group was assigned to a lecture on emergency treatment and care of one kind of weapon damage.Students had to collect information and prepare PPT for the next lecture.After lectures given by students at next class,discussion on the lectures was organized and comments were given by teachers.Results All students approved this kind of teaching activities,97.44％ believed that it can arouse their interest in study,94.87％ participated in the collection of data,89.74％ took part in the discussion,and 87.18％ obtained the sense of achievements.Conclusion Question-based lectures made by students are helpful in stimulating their interest in learning,cultivating their abilities of acquiring and applying knowledge.The teaching activities achieve the preferable results through proper application and meticulous organization.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the disorder of learning and memory in lead rats and the argnine vasopressin (AVP) and the somatotatin (SS) of hippocampus.Methods Sixty healthy 2-month old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group and lead group. Normal control group was given deionized water and the lead group was given 0.1% lead acetate deionized water for 3 months to make chronic lead rat. Learning and memory ability was tested by the Y-maze test. The content of AVP and SS in hippocampus were tested by the immunohistochemical method. Results The learning memory ability and the content of AVP and SS in hippocampus CA1 section of the lead group were degraded obviously than the control group(all P0.05)in hippocampus CA3 section of the lead group were degraded also.Conclusion The disorder of the learning and memory of the lead exposure rats may be due to the decrease of the content of AVP and SS in hippocampus.

Objective To investigate the expressions of glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP) in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala in post-stroke depression (PSD) in rats. Methods Healthy adult SD rats w ere randomly divided into a normal group, a depression group, a stroke group, and a PSD group ( n=5 in each group). A model of focal cerebral ischemia w as induced by the intraluminal suture method in the stroke group;a rat chronic stress depression model was induced by using chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) combined w ith single housing in the depression group;a model of focal cerebral ischemia w as induced by the intraluminal suture method in the PSD group. A rat PSD model w as induced by CUMS and single housing at 1 week after operation. The sucrose preference test (SPT) was performed in each group at day 1, 8, 15, and 29 after the first CUMS, and the open-field test ( OFT ) w as used to evaluate the depressive behaviors. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of GFAP in the prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus and amygdala at day 29. Results At day 29 after CUMS, the sucrose solution consumption in SPT and the scores of horizontaland vertical movement in OFT in the depression group and PSD group w ere decreased significantly compared w ith the normal group and the stroke group (al P<0.05);the numbers of GFAP immunopositive cel s in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala in the PSD group w ere significantly less than those in the normal group, depression group and stroke group (al P<0.05), and there w ere no significant differences among the normal group, depression group and stroke group (al P>0.05). Conclusion The decreased expression of GFAP in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdale may play a certain role in the process of PSD.

Objective To observe the delayed brain myelination of children with phenylketonuria(PKU)combined with epilepsia,and explore effectiveness of the treatment and provide an objective criteria for patient recovering evaluation.Methods There were 42 PKU patients,aged 3 to 72 months were selected.The concentration of phenylalanine tested by high pressure liquid chromatography was greater than 1.2 mmol/L in blood,diagnosed as PKU.According to electroencephalogram and clinical symptom,21 cases were diagnosed as epilepsy,the other 21 cases were used as control group.All patients were taken MRI before treatment.Myelination in 10 sections(cerebellum,pons,mesencephalon,internal capsule posterior limb,corpus callosum,internal capsule anterior limb,occipital lobe,parietal lobe,temporal lobe,frontal lobe)were evaluated.Results Delayed myelinations were located mainly in the cerebral lobes and corpus callosum,average delayed incidence of the 10 region was 44.8% in epilepsy group and 30.9% in control group.The incidence of the corpus callsum was 80.9% in epilepsy group,52.4% in control group,the number of sections of delayed myelination showed statistically significant between 2 groups(P

BACKGROUND:Bioimpedance method can be used to extract physiology and pathology information relative to the gastricmotility states,to investigate the courses of contraction,peristalsis,transmission and emptying of the stomach,to measure andevaluate gastric motility function.However,early studies mainly focused on the emptying of the stomach,and few studies onevaluation of gastric motility by extracting gastric motility information.OBJECTIVE:To understand the gastric motility from electricity-mechanism composite concept and to establish a noninvasive,convenience measurement method of gastric motility impedance.METHODS:Based on the characters of gastric motility impedance signal,a measurement method of impedance gastric motility isintroduced.Some foundation experiments about the gastric emptying measurement,the gastric motility compare between fastingand repast,the gastric motility comparison of healthy volunteers during different periods and some medicine effects on gastricmotility have carried out.The gastric motility measurement of the patients with functional dyspepsia and gastric motility evaluationfor the patients with erosive gastritis had been reported.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Using electrical bioimpedance method,according to the electrical property of the stomach tissueor the food in stomach and the change rules of the property,the physiology and pathology information relative to the gastricmotility states can be extracted,the courses of contraction,peristalsis,transmission and emptying of the stomach can beinvestigated and noninvasive measure and evaluation of gastric motility function can be realized.

Objectives: To assess the feasibility and stability of right ventricular outflow tract (ROVT) pacing under current technology by comparing the results of ROVT pacing with the traditional right ventricular apex (RVA) pacing. Methods: A total of 42 patients (at mean age of 63.5±10.4 years) without structural heart disease were randomly divided into two groups. RVA pacing group (n=14),and RVOT pacing group(n=28). An active fixation lead was implanted in all patients whose pacemaker could automatically measure the pacing threshold every day. The operation time,X-ray exposure time and lead parameters detected during the operation were collected to evaluate the feasibility of RVOT pacing. The complications related to lead and implantation procedure and the trend of threshold change during the follow-up time were used to assess the stability of RVOT pacing.Results: There were no statistic differences between RVA pacing group and RVOT pacing group in terms of operation time,X-ray exposure time and lead parameters. In RVOT group,the change of threshold during acute period was similar to those in RVA group (P=0.23). Chronic pacing threshold was also comparable between two groups,mean threshold at 6 months follow-up time was 0.55±0.11V and 0.54±0.09V at 0.4 pulse width in RVA group and RVOT group respectively (P=0.787).Conclusion: RVOT pacing was feasible and stable in operation time and lead characteristics compared with the conventional RVA pacing under current pacing technology.

Telemedicine is a medical type that develops with communication and information technology.Its main goal is to provide professional health care for poor areas or rescue of dangerous patients.It integrates long-range communication technology,medical technology and health informatics technology.The development of telemedicine system has gone through the first telemedicine system based on wired telephone,microwave and satellite communications on behalf of the second generation of long-distance medical system until today's mobile communications and the Internet which represent the third generation.Telemedicine has been widely applied,for example,remote diagnosis and treatment,remote consultation,remote surgery,telemonitoring and remote rescue.At present,telemedicine has become a multi-disciplinary high-tech that develops very rapidly,and a new model of health care service into the armed forces medical services and medical care.