Alzheimers disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder severely affecting the aged population. Its pathological hallmarks include amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, loss of synapes and neurons as well as brain inflammation. This review focuses on multiple roles of p38MAPK, one of the members of mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK) family, in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. The review discusses the evidences of p38 activation in AD models, its connection with each pathological mark of AD and the interaction between p38 and significant pathophysiological process, such as inflammation, neuronal apoptosis and hyperphosphorylation of tau. Moreover, a discussion is also made to address the basis of p38 as the target for therapeutic intervention in AD. All in all, p38 is considered to be a new promising target for drugs to control the progression of AD.

Acute Disease ; Bone Marrow Neoplasms ; pathology ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; pathology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Leukemia ; pathology ; Lymphoma ; pathology ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes ; pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Plastic Embedding ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; pathology

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that contain 22 to 25 nucleotides and play important roles in post-transcriptional regulation of target genes. MiRNAs are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, and cancer development. Alveolar bone resorption is the main clinical manifestation of periodontitis. Osteoclasts are unique cells regulated by osteoblasts and inflammatory cytokines and are responsible for bone resorption in periodontitis. Recently, miRNAs have emerged as an important regulator of osteoclast differentiation and function. In this study, we review the recent research progress on the effects of miRNAs on osteoclast differentiation and function, particularly the mechanisms of miRNAs-mediated osteoclast formation and bone loss in periodontitis.
Bone Resorption ; Bone and Bones ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoclasts

Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hysteroscopy ; Pediatrics ; Puberty, Precocious ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Uterine Hemorrhage ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Vaginal Diseases ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy

?AlM:To investigate the sensitive parameters of the anterior chamber changes with Pentacam anterior segment analysis system before and after laser peripheral iridectomy (LPl) in primary angle-closure suspetive (PACS).
? METHODS: Sixty eyes of 33 PACS patients were enrolled in this study. Pentacam examination was performed before and 1d after LPl to measure the central anterior chamber depth ( CACD ) , the peripheral anterior chamber depth ( PACD ) , the anterior chamber volume ( ACV) and the peripheral anterior chamber angle ( ACA) . Statistical analysis used paired t test.
?RESULTS: There was no statistical significance on the changes of ACD. PACD and ACV increased significantly between before and 1d after LPl. ACA was widened from (22. 26o±5. 18o) to (26. 42o±5. 20o), which were increased significantly between before and 1d after LPl.
?CONCLUSlON: LPl can deepen the PACD and increase the ACV in PACS. PACD and ACV are the sensitive parameters of the anterior chamber changes with Pentacam anterior segment analysis system.

Objective To investigate the knowledge of chronic heart failure (CHF) and influencing factors in general practitioners (GP) in Beijing.Methods A self-designed questionnaire contained total 28 items,including basic knowledge of CHF,non-drug management,drug management and other management ; clinical cases were used to test clinical ability in 7 items.The questionnaire survey was conducted among GPs who participated in continuing education courses from 16 counties/districts in Beijing during January to June 2013.Results Total 720 questionnaires were distributed and 657 valid questionnaires were returned with a recovery rate of 91.3％.Total scores was 60.6.Scores of basic knowledge,non-drug management,drug management and other management was 63.1,76.9,44.0 and 56.9,respectively.There were statistical differences in scores of basic knowledge,non-drug management,drug management and other management between GPs with different diploma (F value:36.8,5.8,21.6,12.2,respectively; P ＜0.01) ; there were significant differences in scores of basic knowledge and drug management among GPs with different working years (F value:15.1 and 17.4,respectively ; P ＜ 0.01) ; there was significant difference in scores of drug management among GPs with different professional title (F =7.69,P ＜ 0.01).Only for GPs with junior college diploma,the scores of basic knowledge and drug management in GPs with working ≥20 y were higher than those working ＜ 20 y(P ＜ 0.01).The accuracy of clinical ability in GPs with junior college diploma,undergraduate diploma and post-undergraduate diploma was 39.6％,41.6％,41.8％ (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The knowledge of CHF is less desirable in GPs of Beijing,so that measures should be taken to improve the GP's knowledge of CHF.

In this case-control study, the effect of insulin sensitivity on the genesis of cholesterol gallstones was not affirmed. However, raised 2h insulin level during glucose tolerance test and systolic blood pressure were risk factors in gallstone formation. Besides, less physical activity, lower serum total cholesterol and lower HDL-C concentration were found in patients with cholesterol gallstone.

The somatotopical pattern of the spinal projection to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) was examined in 16 rabbits. The anterograde transport of HRP method were used.1. Cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments all gave rise to small numbers of fibers projecting to bilateral lateral reticular subtrigeminal subnucleus (Lrs).2. Cervical, thoracic and lumbar projections to the LRN were bilateral but the cervical ascending fibers terminated predominately on the ipsilateral side. The lumbar ascending fibers projected chiefly to the contralateral side. The thoracic cord gave fibers to bilateral LRN. No significant difference could be seen between the two sides. There were certain overlapping among the distribution areas of the terminal branches from different parts of the cord.3. The spinal projections of the rabbit were predominately terminated in the caudal half of the LRN. It showed a somatotopical pattern. The cervical cord projected to the lateral 3/5 of the lateral reticular magnocellular subnucleus (Lrm) and its neighbouring part of the lateral reticular parvocellular subnucleus (Lrp). The thoracic cord projected to the medial 3/5 of the Lrm and its neighbouring part of Lrp. The lumbar cord gave afferents to the Lrp and its neighbouring part of Lrm.

HRP or WGA-HRP was injected into the rabbit cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spinal gray unilaterally and the retrograde labeled ceils and anterograde labeled terminal branches in the nucleus of the solitary tract were studied. The labeled cells were found in the caudal part of the nucleus. The amount of the labeled cells in the cervical and thoracic injection cases out numbered that of the lumbar cases. In all the cases labeled ceils were most concentrated near the obex level, mainly located ventromedial to the tract. Some could be found ventral, ven- trolateral, lateral and medial to and in the vicinity of the tract. In the medial part of the nucleus labeled cells were limited in its ventral part dorsal to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. No labeling could be ascertained in the subnucleus parvocellularis. In the thoracic injection cases a group of labeled cells were discovered dorsolateral to the tract where only a few labeled ceils could be found in the cervical and lumbar cases. Labeled terminal branches largely accompanied the labeledcells. Thus the chance of establishing direct synaptic contact between spino-solitary fibers and the spinal projection cells of the nucleus of the solitary tract is great. At the level of obex a narrow band of terminal labeling along the dorsolateral border of the nucleus was identified. Except occasionally no labeled cells were found in this zone, an area probably related to cardiac function.

HRP was injected into the cervical (3 cases) or lumbar (2 cases) spinal cord unilaterally in 5 adult cats. Labeled cells were discovered in the hypoth alamus and nearby areas. There was no obvious difference in labeling between cervical and lumbar injection cases. Labeled cells were found bilaterally with ipsilateral preponderance.he paraventricular nucleus was most heavily labeled; the posterior and lateral hypothalamic areas were less. A few labeled cells were found in the dorsal hypothalamic area and the supramamillary nucleus. Forel's area was also weakly labeled and occasional cells were found in the subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta.We were unable to find labeled cells in the dorsomedial nucleus. Labeling of the supramamillary nucleus, which was found in this sutdy, has not been mentioned in the literature available to us.