OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to present the outcome of the microsurgical foraminotomy via Wiltse paraspinal approach for foraminal or extraforaminal (FEF) stenosis at L5–S1 level. We investigated risk factors associated with poor outcome of microsurgical foraminotomy at L5–S1 level. METHODS: We analyzed 21 patients who underwent the microsurgical foraminotomy for FEF stenosis at L5–S1 level. To investigate risk factors associated with poor outcome, patients were classified into two groups (success and failure in foraminotomy). Clinical outcomes were assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of back and leg pain and Oswestry disability index (ODI). Radiographic parameters including existence of spondylolisthesis, existence and degree of coronal wedging, disc height, foramen height, segmental lordotic angle (SLA) on neutral and dynamic view, segmental range of motion, and global lumbar lordotic angle were investigated. RESULTS: Postoperative VAS score and ODI improved after foraminotomy. However, there were 7 patients (33%) who had persistent or recurrent leg pain. SLA on neutral and extension radiographic films were significantly associated with the failure in foraminotomy (p<0.05). Receiver-operating characteristics curve analysis revealed the optimal cut-off values of SLA on neutral and extension radiographic films for predicting failure in foraminotomy were 17.3° and 24°s, respectively. CONCLUSION: Microsurgical foraminotomy for FEF stenosis at L5–S1 level can provide good clinical outcomes in selected patients. Poor outcomes were associated with large SLA on preoperative neutral (>17.3°) and extension radiographic films (>24°).
Animals ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Factor Analysis, Statistical* ; Foraminotomy* ; Humans ; Leg ; Lordosis ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Risk Factors* ; Spondylolisthesis ; X-Ray Film

Background: Neuroleukemiosis is a rare complication of leukemia. The diagnosis may be delayed owing to non-specific symptoms and the need for special diagnostic modalities. Case: A 70-year-old man in his sixth year of remission from acute myeloid leukemia was referred to the pain clinic for shooting and radiating pain in the left posterior leg. A lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging showed mild disc bulging of the L2-3, which was insufficient to explain the patient’s symptoms. With insufficient pain response to lumbar epidural block and piriformis injection, we examined both sciatic nerves using an ultrasound and identified an enlarged hypoechoic mass on the left sciatic nerve at mid-thigh level. After that, we biopsied the mass under general anesthesia, and histology confirmed it to be neuroleukemiosis. Conclusions Ultrasound is an inexpensive, non-invasive, simple, and quick diagnostic modality that can be used as a screening tool in the diagnosis of neuroleukemiosis.

Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is a useful treatment for chronic pain, but it can cause damage depending on its application site. Here, we describe the case of a 54-year-old man who underwent PNS for brachial plexopathy in 2015. One lead was implanted on the left medial cord to stimulate the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, and the other was implanted on the radial nerve to stimulate the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Both leads were inserted near the shoulder joint but did not cross it. Before PNS, the patient did not move his shoulder and elbow because of severe pain, but the treatment greatly alleviated this pain. Twenty months after the operation, both leads were fractured, and the severe pain returned. Repetitive motion near the joint was closely related to the lead fractures. In conclusion, large joints as the insertion sites of PNS leads should be avoided to prevent lead fractures.
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies* ; Chronic Pain ; Elbow ; Humans ; Joints ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Nerves* ; Radial Nerve ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Joint

Background: In sugammadex-induced anaphylaxis, sugammadex and/or sugammadex-rocuronium complex have possible allergenic epitope. Case: We report a case of sugammadex-induced anaphylaxis during general anesthesia in a 60-year-old male undergoing orthopedic hand surgery, manifesting as profound hypotension and urticaria. The timing of onset was closely associated with sugammadex administration. The patient recovered after extensive therapy including fluid, epinephrine, other vasopressors, steroid, and antihistamine administration. By intradermal skin test which was done at four weeks after anaphylaxis, we confirmed positive reactions to both sugammadex and sugammadex-rocuronium complex. Conclusions This is a rare case of sugammadex-induced anaphylaxis that both sugammadex and sugammadex-rocuronium complex were confirmed as allergenic epitopes.

The fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) could be approached by various treatments modalities including education, aerobic exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, pregabalin, and so on. If other treatments fail, opioids including morphine should be considered. In this case report, we describe the case of a 44-year-old woman who was diagnosed with FMS three years ago, and suffered from severe intractable pain, side effects from other drugs, and opioid tolerance. Administration of morphine via an implantable drug delivery system resulted in significant improvement in the patient's pain intensity, fibromyalgia impact questionnaire score, and sleep disturbance. Our case demonstrates that an implantable drug delivery system with morphine can be a potential treatment option for refractory fibromyalgia patients.
Adult ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic ; Cognitive Therapy ; Drug Delivery Systems* ; Education ; Exercise ; Female ; Fibromyalgia* ; Humans ; Injections, Spinal ; Morphine* ; Norepinephrine ; Pain, Intractable ; Pregabalin ; Serotonin

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The lifestyle changes that have accompanied economic growth have influenced disease patterns in Korea. Changing patterns of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases over the past two decades were investigated in the present study. METHODS: Data from inpatients with specific GI diseases, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases code, were extracted from the database at a tertiary medical facility for 1990, 1996, and 2006. RESULTS: Admission rates for GI diseases increased between 1990 and 2006. The most prevalent disease in 1990 was gastric cancer, followed by appendicitis and colorectal cancer. However, by 2006, gastric cancer, colon cancer, and colon adenoma or polyps had become the most prevalent diseases. Although gastric cancer showed a decreasing trend, the rate of colon cancer doubled over two decades. Furthermore, rates of detection and endoscopic treatment of early gastric cancer and adenoma of the stomach and colon have increased noticeably. Newly emerging diseases include inflammatory bowel disease and gastroesophageal reflux. There was no change in the incidence of peptic ulcer, but ulcer-related complications and the numbers treated surgically decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that the clinical trends of GI diseases in Korea have changed in a similar way to those in the West. Early detection of a GI neoplasm will continue to increase with the establishment of cancer-screening programs, resulting in a rising need for minimally invasive treatments.
Adenoma ; Appendicitis ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Economic Development ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Inpatients ; International Classification of Diseases ; Korea ; Life Style ; Peptic Ulcer ; Polyps ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms

Objective: To investigate the effects of long-acting injectable 3-monthly paliperidone palmitate on the clinical and social functioning of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This study enrolled patients with schizophrenia receiving long-acting injectable 1-monthly paliperidone palmitate for at least 4 months and who subsequently received 3-monthly paliperidone palmitate. Accordingly, 418 patients were followed up for 24 weeks. Their clinical symptoms and social functioning were measured using the Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness and Personal and Social Performance scales. Results: The Personal and Social Performance total score was significantly higher after 3-monthly paliperidone palmitate treatment than at baseline (baseline vs. week 24: 54.3 ± 18.0 vs. 61.0 ± 14.5 [mean ± standard deviation]; p ＜ 0.001; Wilcoxon signed-rank test); the proportion of patients in the mildly ill group (scores 71−100) also increased significantly (baseline vs. week 24: 16.5% vs. 20.6%; p＜ 0.001; McNemar-Bowker test). The mean Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness score decreased significantly (baseline vs. week 24: 3.7 ± 1.0 vs. 3.4 ± 0.9; p＜ 0.001; Wilcoxon signed-rank test), as did the proportion of patients in the severely ill group (baseline vs. week 24: 4.1% vs. 2.1%; p ＜ 0.001; McNemar-Bowker test). Conclusion Continuous 3-monthly paliperidone palmitate treatment significantly enhances the personal and social performance of patients with schizophrenia and reduces the proportion of those with severe illness. These findings suggest that long-acting injectable antipsychotic administration at intervals longer than 1 month might improve the social functioning of and promote return to activities of daily living in patients with schizophrenia.