Objective: To explore the gender difference of defensive style in Chinese college students. Method; Meta-analytic method was used to calculate 15 group data in 13 studies from 1990 to 2009, to test whether there were differences between male and female college students in three defensive styles and image distorting factor. Results: The d-values of immature defense style, mature defense style, and intermediate/neurotic defense style were -0.08 (95% CI : -0.12～ -0.04), -0.01 (95% CI: -0.05～ -0.03), and -0.05(95% CI: -0.09～-0.01) respectively. And the d - value of image distorting factor was 0.07 (95% CI: -0.02 ～0.15) . Conclusion: There is no gender difference in the defensive styles in Chinese college students.

Objective To explore the expression of endothelial cell specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) and its clinical significance in pituitary null cell adenoma (NCA).Methods Forty-six cases of NCA specimens,collected from resection of pituitary tumor via microscopic transsphenoidal approach in our hospital from January 2010 to May 2014,were chosen in our study;ESM-1 expressions in the NCA specimens was detected by immunohistochemical S-P method,and the relations of expression results with gender (male:29;female:17),age (18-45 years old:16;≥46 years old:30),maximum tumor diameter (1-3 cm:34;≥3 cm:11;＜1 cm:1),invasion state (invasive NCA:30;non-invasive NCA:16),Ki-67 labeling index (＜3％:29;≥3％:17) and pathological features were analyzed.Results ESM-1 expression was observed in endothelial cells and adenoma cells,with positive rates 100％ and 86.96％ (40/46);in the endothelial cells,high expression was noted in 32 patients;and in the adenoma cells,high expression was noted in 25 patients;no significant difference of high expression was noted between the two (P＞0.05).As compared with that ofnoninvasive NCA (7/16),the high expression of ESM-1 of invasive NCA (23/30) in endothelial cells was significantly increased (P＜0.05),while the high expression of ESM-1 in adenoma cells was not significantly increased (P＞0.05).In endothelial cells,high expression of ESM-1 was not significantly different in patients of different ages,gender,maximum tumor diameters or Ki-67 labeling indexes (P＞0.05);in adenoma cells,high expression of ESM-1 was not significantly different in patients of different ages,gender,maximum tumor diameters,Ki-67 labeling indexes or invasion states (P＞0.05).Conclusion ESM-1 in endothelial cells could be used as a marker of aggressive behavior in NCA.

Traumatic acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is often severe,and bridging vein rupture is one of the case mechanisms of ASDH.After traumatic ASDH,venous reflux disorder,cerebral ischemia,delayed bleeding in other parts of the brain,and intraoperative encephalocele are prone to occur.This article reviews the occurrence and development of ASDH and its relation with intracranial venous circulation.