China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Mortality ; trends

AIM: To study the optimum technological parameters for extraction of Astragalus polysaccharides by ultra-high pressure extraction. METHODS: Measured concentration of total astragalus polysacharides served as the marker,the design of uniform distribution was applied to evaluating the ultra-high pressure extration efficiency in comparison with reflux and ultrasonic extraction efficiency. RESULTS: The optimal parameters of ultra-high pressure extraction was as follows: 350 MPa pressure,60 mL/g ratio of solvent to solid material,5 h soaking time,2 min extraction time.Under the conditions,the high yield was up to 24.2 %. CONCLUSION: Ultra-high pressure extraction has a series of advantages,such as higher yield,less impurity,easier separation-purification,shorter extraction time and lower energy input.

OBJECTIVE To establish secretory otitis media(SOM) model induced by endotoxin and evaluate its reliability. METHODS Healthy 50 Sprague-Dawley rats of either sex( 250-300g)were randomly divided into experimental group(ET group) and control group(NS group),with 30 and 20 rats respectively. 35ul volume of 1mg/ml endotoxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and same amount of saline(NS) were transbullaly injected into the right tympanic bullas of the two groups. Six rats of ET group and four rats of NS group were killed postoperative on 6h,1d,3d,7d,14d respectively. The temporal bones were harvested for histological study. The left tympanic bullas served as control. Another four rats(each group 2 rats) were used for SEM study with the same method. One rat was killed and harvested for SEM observation of mucocilliary transporting system on the tympanic ostium of Eustachian tube. RESULTS ①LM(light microscope):The epithelial layer and subepithelial space(SES) were thicked mildly in ET group at 6 hours,and more heavily at 1 day with inflammatory cells infiltration (mostly polymorphonuclear leukocytes,PMNs). At 3 days,the same changes were observed most severely. By 14 days,the mucosal lining returned to normal. No obvious changes were observed in the NS group. ②SEM(scan electrical microscope):In ET group,the impairment of mucociliary transport system such as lodging,shedding of cilias were observed at 3 days and returned to normal at 14 days. No abnormal changes were observed in NS group. CONCLUSION Endotoxin can induce SOM with inflammatory changes peak at day 3 and return to normal by day 14.

Objective To study the effect of low intensity laser irradiation on wound healing and the expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin beta-1 (IL-1β) in wounded tissue.Methods Steam was used to scald 60 BALB/c mice.They were then randomly divided into a laser group and a control group with 30 in each group.The wounds in the laser group were irradiated with a low-intensity He-Ne laser,while the control group was given the same treatment except that the instrument was turned off.The wound healing rate was calculated,and the full wound thickness was measured and a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of TGF-β1 and IL-1β right after the scalding and 1,3,7 and 14 days later.Results Seven and 14 days later,the wound healing rates in the laser group were (51.48 ± 5.89) ％ and (73.96 ± 7.25) ％,respectively.Compared with the control group at the same time points,the difference was statistically significant.In the laser group the expression of TGF-β1 had increased significantly at days 1 and 3,then increased to a maximum at day 7.It was significantly greater than in the control group at all three of those time points.At day 14 the expression of TGF-β1 in the laser group was significantly lower than in the control group.The expression of IL-1 β in the laser group had decreased significantly at days 1 and 3,and gradually reduced to a minimum at day 7.It was significantly lower than in the control group at all three of those time points.Conclusion Low intensity He-Ne laser irradiation can accelerate wound healing after scalding,at least in mice.Its effect may be related to its regulation of the expression of IL-1 β and TGF-β1.

Objective To investigated the effects of IL -18 on middle ear allergic inflammation in rat model of OME .Methods Eighteen SD rats were randomly divided into three group :group A(control group ,n=12 ears) , group B (OME model group ,n=12 ears) ,group C (IL -18 injectiion group ,n=12 ears) .The rat model of OME was established by sensitizing with ovalbumin (OVA) and later challenging in tympanic bullae .Recombinant rat IL-18 (1 μg ,+0 .2 ml saline ,) were injected in group C at 1 ,2 ,7 ,8 ,15 ,16 day .At the same time sacle ,0 .2 ml sa-line ,instead of IL -18 ,were intraperitoneal injection in group A and B .The morphologic changes of the middle ear epithelial cells and inflammatory cells infiltration were observed under light microscope .The level of IFN -γand IL-4 in tympanic lavage fluid(TLF) were determined by ELISA .Results Pathological examination showed that middle ear mucosa inflammation and eosinophil infiltration in group C were no less severe than group B .The numbers of neutrophils in group C increased significantly compraring with group B (P<0 .05) .Numbers of eosinophils in group C were slightly increased comparing with group B (P>0 .05) ,while significantly greater than that in group A (P<0 .05) .ELISA showed that the level of IFN -γ in group C was stronger than that in group B and A (both P<0 .05) .As compared to the group A ,the expression of IL -4 in group B and group C were remarkably stronger (both P<0 .05) ,no significant difference was found between group B and group C (P>0 .05) .Addtionally ,there was no significant difference in the ratio of Th1 /Th2(IFN -γ/IL -4)between group B and group C (P>0 .05) . Conclusion IL -18 acts as an immune regulatory factors ,significantly increases Th1 cytokine IFN -γ.Although to some extent alleviate the OME rat middle ear Th1 /Th2 imbalance ,there is still excessive activation of Th cells . Th1 and Th2 cells factor are excessive for the secretion disorder of the immune response status .The OME rat mid-dle ear allergic inflammation has not been fundamentally alleviated ,the underlying mechamism should be further studied .

Based on the resources of military sanatorium, we developed a mode of rehabilitation that combined the hospital-, sanatorium- and community-based rehabilitation as a whole.

Objective To investigate the effect of rehabilitation stroke unit on walking in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Methods 86 patients with walking impairment after stroke were randomly divided into control group (n=43), who accepted conventional treatment, and experimental group (n=43), who were incorporated into the rehabilitation stroke unit. They were assessed with Berg Balance Scale (BBS),10 m Maximum Walking Speed (MWS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and 8 weeks after treatment.Results The scores of BBS, MWS, FMA and MBI improved after treatment in both groups (P<0.01), and improved more in the experimental group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Rehabilitation stroke unit is effective on walking ability in stroke patients with hemiplegia.

Objective To study the relationship between heparin-binding protein(HBP) and β2 integrin on the surface of neutrophil in acute lung injury.Methods A total of 30 mice from animal center of Tongji University were divided into control group,CLP group and antibody-treatment group by random number method.Acute lung injury animal model was established by cecal Ligation and puncture in the mice of CLP group and antibody-treatment group.Sham operations were performed on the mice in control group.Mice in antibody-treatment group received anti-CD18 antibody injected via tail vein 30 min before establishing acute lung injury animal model.Twenty-four hours after operation,mice were sacrificed and lung tissue was taken.After HE staining,lung injury were evaluated by Smith score.Lung tissue wet/dry weight ratio,BALF protein level,plasma HBP level and β2 integrin on neutrophil were measured.T test were used to compare the difference among groups.Pearson correlation was used to study the correlation between HBP,integrin and lung injury index.Results Compared with control group,mice in CLP group had higher Smith score(t=10.607,P＜0.01),lung wet/dry ratio(t=3.968,P=0.001),BALF protein level(t=4.331,P＜0.01) and as well as higher plasma HBP(t=3.515,P=0.002) and β2 integrin(t=4.816,P＜0.01) level.After CD18 antibody treatment,anti-treat group mice had lower Smith score (t=2.307,P=0.033),lung wet/dry ratio(t=3.080,P=0.006),BALF protein level(t=2.484,P=0.023) and as well as higher plasma HBP level(t=2.218,P=0.046) than mice in CLP group.Pearson correlation analysis showed HBP had obvious correlation with wet/dry ratio(r=0.527,P=0.017),BALF protein(r=0.508,P=0.022) and as well as β2 integrin(r=0.674,P=0.001).Conclusions Both HBP and β2 integrin involved in the lung injury pathogenesis.HBP level is interrelated with the severity of lung injury.The β2 integrin is associated with the release of HBP by neutrophil.Inhabiting the function of integrin could decrease HBP level and alleviate the severity of lung injury.

Objective To evaluate the under-registration rate related to mortality surveillance program in Jinan city,from 2013 to 2014,using the capture-mark-recapture method.Methods Under the stratified cluster random sampling method,samples were stratified,according to urban and rural areas.Two districts and three counties were chosen,with three towns/streets in each county/district and eight villages/communities in each township/street,randomly selected.With the participation of departments as civil affairs,public security,maternal/child institutions and community committees as well as individuals as village doctors and community leaders,a list of deaths from January 1,2013 to December 31,2014 was collected and compared to the National Mortality Surveillance System on the rates related to under-registration.Results A total of 2 903 records on deaths were collected from 2013 to 2014,while 3 113 deaths were reported in the surveillance system of the same period.3 772 (95％ CI:3 741-3 802) deaths were estimated by the capture-mark-recapture method.The two-year total under-registration rate was 17.46％.The under-registration rates in 2013 and 2014 appeared as 19.29％ and 15.57％ (x2 =8.92,P＜0.01),respectively,with the rates in urban and rural areas as 20.91％ and 11.93％ (x2 =47.35,P＜0.01).The rates on male and female were 17.87％ and 16.98％ (x2 =0.48,P＞0.05).The rates of ＜5 years old group and ≥5 years old group were 21.57％ and 17.45％ (x2 =0.03,P＞0.05) respectively.Conclusions Under-registration in the mortality surveillance was noticed in Jinan.The capture-mark-recapture method seemed useful for evaluating the under-registration rate in the mortality surveillance program.It is suggested that the survey on under-registration rate should be carried out on the regular base.The under-registration rate seemed useful in adjusting the mortality rate.