Liver hanging maneuver(LHM)was first performed to assist right hepateetomy by Jacques Belghiti in 2001.During the procedure of hepatectomy,the liver is lifted by a tape which passes between the anterior Surface of the inferior vena cava and the liver.LHM provides effective vascular control and makes the anterior approach safer and easier.As one of the most important innovations in the field of liver resection,LHM has some definite advantages over the classical approach,including less hemorrhage,less tumoral manipulation and rupture,better hemodynamic stability,reduced ischemic damage of the liver remnant and better survival for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Moreover,LHM can serve as a guide to the correct analomical transection plane,and help to improve the exposure of the deep parenchymal plane.LHM developed rapidly in the past few years and it has been widely adopted not only in the treatment of liver cancer,but also in living donor liver transplanration,orthotopic liver transplantation and the treatment of benign liver diseases.Furthermore,many surgeons utilize LHM to facilitate various anatomical liver resections.Although the concept of LHM is widely accepted,its limits and contraindications still need to be investigated in the future.

Objective To investigate the biological characteristics , therapy selection of tubular breast carcinoma.Relationship between axillary lymph node metastasis and other factors are analyzed retrospectively . Methods Tubular carcinoma patients were collected in our hospital from June ,1987 to March,2014.Paraffin tis-sues were re-checked again by pathology doctors and all patients were performed follow -up by telephone to e-valuate the prognosis .Results Sixty eight cases of tubular carcinoma of the breast were chosen .Axillary lymph node metastasis was closely related to tumor size and tumor grade in our research .In all patients ,only one patient was relapsed ,24 patients died of other diseases ,without distant metastasis or death of breast cancer .Conclusion Tubular breast carcinoma has a good prognosis with low recurrence rate .The treatment of tubular carcinoma is not quite reasonable .Preoperative core needle biopsy and surgery axillary staging should be paid more attention and breast conserving rate is still needed for improvement .

Objective To research the structure and principle of Helical Tomotherapy, and study the clinical application value of the equipment system. Methods As the first helical radiotherapy system in the mainland of China, its constructions, structure and principle were analyzed and discussed. Results Helical Tomotherapy is a new kind of radiotherapy equipment. The Hi-Art treatment system is a combination of a LINAC and a CT scanner capable of having the function of both systems. It was approved to achieve the best intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), used for adjusting the setup position of the patient with MVCT and as the basis for dose reconstruction and other adaptive radiotherapy processes. It is the first integrated planning, delivery and verification system for IMRT. Conclusion Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) and IMRT have introduced a new era in radiation oncology which will better fight cancer and simultaneously improve the patients' quality of life. Having been designed from the ground up for IGRT and IMRT, the tomotherapy system is in the forefront of technical advancements for efficacy and processes to make it efficiently.

Objective To study the role of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3DCRT) in the treatment of elderly non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) patients.Methods From 2000 to 2004,39 elderly NSCLC patients(range 70-87 years) were treated by 3DCRT.Their Karnovsky performance score was 50-60 in 20 patients and those of the other 19 patients were not less than 70.Prescription dose were 40-60?Gy,with a median of 50?Gy.Results Thirty-six(92%) patients'symptoms were relieved at the end of treatment,with the other three patients' symptoms steady.Complete response and partial response was achieved in 19 and 17 patients respectively.The 1-year survival rate was 60%,with a median survival time of 10 months.Conclusions Three dimensional conformal radiotherapy is effective for elderly NSCLC patients in terms of symptom relief.For treatment choice of these senior NSCLC patients,the balance between tumor control and quality of life should be carefully considered.

In previous studies,low expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)was considered ineffec-tive against HER2-targeted therapy.After the announcement of the efficacy of new antibody conjugated drug,Detrastuzumab in the treatment of breast cancer with low expression of HER2,the diagnosis and treatment options of breast cancer patients with low expres-sion of HER2 have become the focus of breast cancer experts.In order to standardize the clinical rational diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer with low expression of HER2,the Breast Oncology Group of Heilongjiang Medical Association,referring to the latest clin-ical research at home and abroad and the consensus of experts at home and abroad,formed the consensus of breast cancer with low ex-pression of HER2 clinicopathological diagnosis experts after the discussion by the expert group in Heilongjiang province,to guide clini-cians to make diagnosis and treatment decisions for breast cancer patients with low expression of HER2,so as to improve the survival and prognosis of patients.The consensus mainly includes the definition and interpretation of breast cancer with low expression of HER2,factors influencing the results of HER2 low expression,new detection methods,clinicopathological and molecular biological characteristics,and clinical diagnosis and treatment guidance for breast cancer patients with low expression of HER2,which systemati-cally and comprehensively demonstrates the consensus of clinicopathological diagnosis and treatment for breast cancer with low expres-sion of HER2.

To investigate the patient-specific dose verification method using ArcCHECK for total marrow irradiation (TMI) with Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) and Helical Tomotherapy (HT). The kVCT images collected from 8 patients were respectively designed for RapidArc and Tomotherapy plans in total marrow irradiation. ArcCHECK was used for dose verification for the head-neck, chest-abdomen and pelvic. The merging function of ArcCHECK was used in VMAT and the method of double plans (reference and delivery plans) were used in HT. The γ-analysis passing rates for the head-neck, chest-abdomen, pelvic were 98.9% ± 1.9%, 98.4% ± 1.8%, 97.4% ± 2.1% for VMAT plans and 94.3% ± 1.5%, 96.5 ± 1.2%, 94.1% ± 1.9% for HT plans. The results show that using the merging function of ArcCHECK can achieve the dose verification well for VMAT plans with TMI. The method of double plans was done for the dose verification of HT plans with TMI as well as the plans with the targets keeping away from the set-up center.
Bone Marrow ; radiation effects ; Humans ; Radiotherapy Dosage ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted ; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcome and the acute toxicity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with tomotherapy followed by the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody.Methods Between March 2008 and November 2009,34 newly diagnosed NPC patients were treated with helical tomotherapy combined with nimotuzumab or cetuximab.All the patients underwent tomotherapy at the dose of 70 Gy/33F for the gross tumor volume (pGTVns) and positive lymphnodes (GTVnd) ,and 60 Gy/33F for the high risk clinical target volume (PTV1),and 56 Gy/33 F for the low risk clinical target volume (PTV2),respectively.17 patients in group N were given weekly injection of 200 mg for 6-7 times and 17 patients in group C were given initial dosage 400 mg/m2 followed by subsequent weekly dosage of 250 mg/m2 for 6-7 times.Acute lesions were evaluated with the RTOG/EORTC criteria.Result The median follow-up time was 22 months.The effective rates (CR + PR) in 3,6 and 12 months were 14/17,12/17,12/17 in group N and 15/17,14/17,14/17 in group C.The 1 year survival rate was 15/17 in group Nand 17/17 in group C.Nimotuzumab had less acute mucositis reaction (u = 2.25,P < 0.05),weight loss(t=2.56,P=0.02) and rash (u=4.36,P＜0.01) compared with cetuximab.Conclusions Helical tomotherapy combined with nimotuzumab or cetuximab was effective and made no difference in the shortterm efficacy and 1 year survival rate for the patients with NPC.Nimotuzumab has less acute reaction than cetuximab.More studies should be done to prove long-term effects.

Objective The aim of this work is to compare the performances of EDR2 film dosimetry with two-dimensional ion chamber array (2DICA) in quality assurance (QA) procedures and to investigate the origin of possible discrepancies between the two methods.Methods A 2DICA, I′mRT MatriXX and MULTICube equivalent solid water phantom from IBA Company were used to verify the dose distribution of 15 tomotherapy plan cases.The combined phantom which includes EDR2 film on the array was set up to measure the dose distribution from coronal and sagittal orientations.After the irradiation, the dose distributions of 2DICA and film were compared with those calculated in the planning system for verification.The results and efficiency were evaluated independently in the two methods.Results The mean number of points satifying γ parameter ≤1 in the coronal and sagittal planes was 97.00%±1.56%& 95.98%±2.52%(t=-2.22,P=0.043) and 98.28%±1.55%& 95.42%±1.99%(t=0.75,P=0.464) of the 15 cases respectively for 2DICA and EDR2 film.The ratio of more than 90% and 95% were 93.3% and 66.7%.The results we presented show a very good agreement between the two methods when used to assess the dose distribution between calculated and measured doses,and a certain degree of correlation (r=0.14,P=0.001).Conclusions The 2DICA may effectively replace both film and ion chamber dosimetry in routine IMRT QA.The good agreement between 2DICA and EDR2 film may give a possible check regularly just as a gold standard.

Objective To quantify dose variations of the parotid glands and spinal cord in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients during helical tomotherapy (HT) by using megavolt (MV) CT and planned adaptive application. Methods Five patients with advanced local-regional NPC were treated by HT with a prescription dose of 70 Gy in 35 fractions in primary tumor and involved lymph nodes. Daily MV CT scans were registered with the planning CT images. The parotid glands were re-contoured every 4 fractions to a total of 45 times, and location of the spinal cord were corrected by MVCT IGRT system every 2 fractions to a total of 85 times. The actual doses delivered to these organs were evaluated by using the planned adaptive application software of HT system. Results At the end of therapy, the mean volume of the parotid gland was decreased by 42% (left) and 33% (right) , respectively. The average V1 of the parotid was increased by 26. 0% (left) and 31.4% (right), and the D50 increased by 15. 8% (left) and 17. 3% (right), respectively. The average Dmax of the spinal cord was increased by 1.3%. Conclusions During HT, the parotid glands receive a higher actual dose due to the volume shrinkage, while the Dmax of the spinal cord changes little. By using adaptive radiation therapy technique, constant monitoring anatomic changes of organs at risk and selective replanning are necessary during radiation therapy for NPC.

Objective To compare the dosimetric characteristics of helical tomotherapy(HT)and step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT)for post-operative cervix cancer patients. Methods Ten patients with post-operative cervix cancer were enrolled in this study.HT and IMRT plans were developed for each patient.The dose distributions of the targets,organs at risk(OARs),CI and HI were analyzed and compared.The prescribed dose was 60 Gy/25 f for CTV1,50 Gy/25 f for CTV2.The iso-dose line of 50 Gy was used.Results The homogeneity indexes(HI)(0.94±0.03),conformity index(C1)(1.28±0.02)in HT group were better than in IMRT group(0.85±0.01 and 1.36±0.03),respectively(t=5.12,-6.34,P<0.001).The Dmean of PTV in HT group(51.77 Gy)was lower than that in IMRT group(54.53 Gy)(t=-8.01,P<0.05).The Dmax ,Dmean,V30,V40 and V50 of bladder、rectum and small bowel were lower in HT group than those in IM RT group.The Dmax,Dmean,V30 and V40 of right and left femoral head were lower in HT group than those in IMRT group.Conclusion Helical tomotherapy treatment plan has a better homogeneity,steeper dose gradient,and a better protection for organs at risk.