With the emergence of deep learning techniques based on convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence (AI) has driven transformative developments in the field of medical image analysis. Recently, large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have also started to achieve distinction in this domain. Increasing research shows the undeniable role of AI in reshaping various aspects of medical image analysis, including processes such as image enhancement, segmentation, detection in image preprocessing, and postprocessing related to medical diagnosis and prognosis in clinical settings. However, despite the significant progress in AI research, studies investigating the recent advances in AI technology in the aforementioned aspects, the changes in research hotspot trajectories, and the performance of studies in addressing key clinical challenges in this field are limited. This article provides an overview of recent advances in AI for medical image analysis and discusses the methodological profiles, advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of AI technologies.
Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods* ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Deep Learning ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods*

Objective:To investigate the value of net water uptake (NWU) in predicting malignant edema (ME) in large hemispheric infarction (LHI).Methods:Fifty-six patients suffering from LHI in the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command from September 2017 to July 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, and their NWU was calculated separately. Patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of ME, which was defined as space-occupying infarct requiring decompressive craniectomy or death resulting from cerebral hernia in seven days from onset. The clinical characteristics were analyzed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and respective area under curve (AUC) were used to assess the value of NWU and other factors.Results:After adjusting for atrial fibrillation, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores at admission, and time from onset to imaging, multivariable analysis showed that NWU was an independent predictor of ME ( OR=1.226，95% CI 1.040-1.446, P=0.015). According to the ROC curve, NWU≥13.08% identified ME with great predictive power (AUC=0.813;sensitivity 0.64, specificity 0.94). Conclusions:NWU is an important predictor of ME in patients with LHI. It can help identify patients at risk of ME.

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of computer-assisted stereotactic brain transplantation of human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells into the patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Methods Under the guidance of computed X-ray tomography and magnetic resonance imaging image mergence, 4 × 106 hRPE cells were transplanted into the putamen and ventriculus laterlis of 17 cases of PD by stereotactic surgery. The transplantation sites were contralateral to the side of main symptoms and signs. The curative efficacy were observed at the 7th day, 1st month, and 3rd month after the transplantation. Results The contralateral symptoms were ameliorated continuously after the transplantation. Three months after the surgery, the total effective rate of cell transplantation was 88. 2 %, and 82. 4 % of the cases got significant improvement. The cases that got ipsilateral improvement soon after the surgery gave a total effective rate as high as 88. 2 % at the 3rd month during follow-up period, and 64. 7% among these cases improved significantly. Only a minority of cases had transient dizziness and hemiparesis, but the duration was short. Conclusion The therapy, computer-assisted stereotactic transplantation of hRPE ceils in the treatment of PD, is safe and efficient.

Objective To explore the effects of 75 mGy irradiation on the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells and antioxidant capacity of serum and testis and hormone levels in male rats with diabetes mellitus(DM).Methods Rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin(STZ)to develop diabetes.The diabetic rats were irradiated with 75 mGy X-rays every other day for 4 weeks.Their survival rate and body weight were recorded 12 weeks after development of diabetes.The apeptosis percentage of germ cells was measured with flow cytometry and TUNEL method.The changes of anti-oxidation and gonadal hormone levels in serum and testis were measured with kits.Results After the rats suffered from diabetes for 12 weeks,the survival rate in DM group was 25%(6/24),100% in normal control group(16116).The survival rate in 75 mGy + DM group(9/16,56.25%)was obviously higher than that in the DM group(X2= 4.00,P < 0.05).Meanwhile,the percentage of apaptotic spermatogenic cells in the diabetic rats was significantly larger than those in the normal control and irradiation groups(F = 5.496,P < 0.05).MDA and NO levels in serum and testis of diabetic rats were higher in varying degrees than that in the normal control,while the serum and testis MDA content in the 75 mGy + DM group were lower than those in the DM group especially in the testis(F = 10.644,P < 0.01).75 mGy X-ray irradiation decreased NO content in the diabetic rats serum significantly(F = 14.379,P < 0.05)and increased NOS activity and TS,FSH level(F = 9.676,43.194 and 5.282,respectively,P < 0.05 and P < 0.01).Conclusions LDR could decrease the MDA level and NO content,and increase the antioxidant enzyme activity and TS and FSH levels in testis and serum of diabetic rats.

Objective To study the MR imaging technology and 3D reconstruction of the articular cartilage of knee.MethodsConventional,2D,3D and multiparameter MR imaging scans of knee were performed in ninety patients with trauma(n=34)andosteoarthritis(n=56) of knee and 10 healthy volunteers.The articular cartilages on 3D images were reconstructed using maximum intensity projection(MIP).The mean thickness of articular cartilage was measured and analysed statistically.Results Articular cartilages of knee were clearly depicted by MR imaging technique and 3D.On 2D FSE sequence,about 50% of articular cartilage appeared as three laminar apearance.On 3D imaging,the three-dimensional morphology of articular cartilage was showed clearly.Conclusion MR imaging and 3D reconstruction of the articular cartilages of knee is helpful in early diagnosis and treatment of disordered cartilages.

Objective: To evaluate the function of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) during mouse teeth development. Methods:Expression of DSPP mRNA in the first molar of Balb/c mice at different developmental stages was detected by in situ hybridization. Resullts: DSPP mRNA in odontoblasts was detected in the samples at middle bell stage and ran through the later stages. In addition, it was detected in ameloblasts as well as in preameloblasts. Conclusion: DSPP expresses with temporospatial characters. It may play an important role in tooth morphogenesis

Objective:To investigate the effect of recombinant plasmid pcEgr-p53 stable transfection in combination with X-ray irradiation on the apoptotic effect and the changes of Bax,Bcl-2 and caspase-3 protein expressions in human A549 tumor cells.Methods:pEgr-hp53 packaged with liposome was stably transfected into A549 cells in vitro.These cells of expressing A549-hp53 and A549-vect were irradiated with 0,0.5,2 and 5 Gy X-rays,respectively,i.e.8 experimental groups.The A549 cells responding to the apoptotic effect and the changes of Bax,Bcl-2 and caspase-3 protein expressions were measured with TUNEL assay and flow cytometry,respectively.Results:The percentage of apoptotic cells in A549-hp53 plus different dose irradiation group were significantly higher than that in 0 Gy group(P