AIMTo establish a method for determinate of the inhibitory activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril by high performance capillary electrophoresis.

METHODSThe characteristic absorptive wavelength of hippuric acid determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer is 228 nm. The method employed a melted capillary column, 50 mmol.L-1 phosphoric acid (pH 8.3) buffer solution, inject pressure 4.8 kPa, inject time 3 s, separation voltage 20 kV and detection wavelength 228 nm.

RESULTSThe reactant and resultant was separated completed within 7 min. IC50 of captopril was 0.019 mumol.L-1. Captopril is a competitive inhibitor, which was proved by enzyme reaction dynamics.

CONCLUSIONThe method was shown to be accurate, simple and rapid and can be used for determination of the inhibitory activity of captopril.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Captopril ; pharmacology ; Electrophoresis, Capillary ; methods ; Hippurates ; analysis ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; metabolism

In this study, daphnetin and its major metabolites in the intestinal wall of rats were identified by liquid chromatography and quatrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Perfusion fluid of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were collected separately for 2 hours from the rat intestine following perfusion with daphnetin. The metabolites of daphnetin in the perfusion fluid of different intestine segments were analyzed by the liquid chromatography and quatrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. It is shown that the parent drug daphnetin and four metabolites were found in the perfusion fluid of duodenum, jejunum and ileum. However, no metabolites were found in the colon. Among the four metabolites, two daphnetin sulfates (m/z 257) were first discovered as the phase II metabolites of daphnetin in rats, which revealed a new way of daphnetin metabolism in rats.
Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Colon ; metabolism ; Duodenum ; metabolism ; Ileum ; metabolism ; Intestines ; metabolism ; Jejunum ; metabolism ; Male ; Perfusion ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Umbelliferones ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics

OBJECTIVETo explore the association between G614T single nuclear polymorphism (SNP) of the alpha-adducin gene and the antihypertensive effect of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in essential hypertensive (EH) patients.

METHODSEight hundred twenty nine EH patients were given 12.5 mg HCTZ/d for six weeks. Alpha-adducin gene G614T SNP in the tenth exon was determined by PCR-RFLP in 754 patients with complete records. All the patients were grouped according to TT, GT and GG genotypes.

RESULTSAfter 6 weeks of HCTZ treatment, the decreases in DBP and MAP of patients carrying 614T allele of alpha-adducin were significantly greater than that of those carrying GG homozygotes (P < 0.05). The decreases in SBP and MAP were significantly greater in patients with the TT genotype as compared with GT or GG genotype (P < 0.05). The effective rate of BP fall by HCTZ was higher in patients with TT genotype than those with GT or GG genotype (P < 0.05). Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that the TT genotype and the baseline SBP were the two major predictors affecting the decrease in SBP.

CONCLUSIONThe present study suggests that the alpha-adducin G614T polymorphism is associated with the antihypertensive effect of HCTZ, which is more effective in patients with TT genotype.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antihypertensive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Blood Pressure ; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrochlorothiazide ; therapeutic use ; Hypertension ; drug therapy ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Single-Blind Method ; Treatment Outcome

Computerized literature searches are performed for articles of the mechanism of cupping therapy in the past 10 years. The mechanism of action of local negative pressure applied to human body is studied in terms of specific changes in local tissue structure, stretch to the nerve and muscle, increasing blood circulation and causing autohemolysis. This paper aims to explain the mechanism of cupping therapy according to modern science.
Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods

Aged ; Biopsy, Needle ; methods ; Coal Mining ; Humans ; Lung ; pathology ; Lung Neoplasms ; complications ; diagnosis ; Middle Aged ; Pneumoconiosis ; complications

OBJECTIVETo summarize the etiology and treatment of gynecomastia in male children.

METHODSThe clinical data of 38 boys with gynecomastia at ages of 2-14 years were retrospectively studied.

RESULTSIn the 38 cases, 17 cases were identified as adolescent breast hyperplasia, 2 cases were relevant to primary disease, 4 cases were caused by ingestion of drugs containing hormone, and 15 cases did not show identifiable causes and were diagnosed as idiopathic gynecomastia. For the 3 children with breast development in B3 stage, oral rupixiao was administered (1.34 g, tid) for one month. For 16 children at ages of over 12 years with breast development in B2 stage and with obvious clinical symptoms, oral rupixiao was administered (1.34 g, tid) for 3-5 days. The other patients did not receive drug treatment. In a one month to one year follow-up, most of the patients recovered well.

CONCLUSIONSThe etiology of gynecomastia in male children includes adolescent breast hyperplasia, ingestion of drugs containing hormone and secondary causes. Most gynecomastia can be attributed to physiological reasons. Only a few children with obvious clinical symptoms need drug treatment.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Gynecomastia ; etiology ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

Objective Brucine and strychnine monomer reference substance as extremely toxic substance had potential threat during transportation and utilization. In this study we investigated the homogeneity, stability and assignment accuracy of the mixture reference solution of strychnine and brucine, so as to provide reference for the quality control of extremely toxic chemical reference substances for Chinese medicine. Methods Following the assay in Chinese Pharmacopoeia volume I (2015), we prepared the mixture reference solution of brucine and strychnine, and investigated the solvents and the concentration of mixutre reference solution. The stability test lasted for 12 months. F-test was used for heterogeneity assay. Three researchers were involved for collaboration. Results Methanol and chloroform solution were selected as the solvents for the stability test. Results showed the difference was not statistically significant among various mixture solutions. The results of value assignment were 0.14 mg/mL for strychnine (sR = 0.5％)and 0.10 mg/mL for brucine (sR = 1.0％). The stability of mixture solution were better under the conditions of methanol solution at 4 ℃ or -20 ℃. Conclusion The results provide a possible way to develop the mixture solution in place of the monomer reference, and the mixture reference solution is expected for the quality control in the slices of Semen Strychni and its compound preparations.

0.05);2)After 12,24,36 months' treatment,BP was decreased significantly in each group (P0.05).Conclusion Both combined spirono- lactone/HCTZ and captopril/HCTZ significantly reduced BP and LVMI or LVMI and the maguitude of reduction was further enhanced after prolonged treatment.

BACKGROUNDOne of the major characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is its unusually high degree of genetic variability, which involves in genetic diagnosis, subtyping, vaccine design, and epidemiology. HIV-1 CRF01_AE is a main prevalent HIV-1 recombinant strain in China. In this study, three full-length CRF01_AE genomes from Fujian Province, China were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed; and the further genetic diversity defining and epidemiologic analysis were carried out.

METHODSProviral DNA was extracted from non-cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the near full-length HIV-1 genome was amplified and the PCR products were cloned into pCR-XL-TOPO vector and sequenced. 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR) and 3'-LTRs were amplified by additional independent PCR and cloned into pMD18T vector. Gene-based phylogenic tree was constructed and genetic distances were calculated by MEGA 3.1. Simplot was used for Bootscan analysis.

RESULTSThe phylogeny and genetic distance analysis of the three near full-length sequences confirmed that these three samples clustered with CRF01_AE isolates, more close to Thailand CRF01_AE strain CM240, and were distantly related to African CRF01_AE strain 90CF402. Analysis of their genomic organization revealed the presence of nine potential open reading frames. There were no major deletions, rearrangements, or insertions in the three sequences, but an in-frame stop codon was found in tat gene of Fj051. LTRs of the three sequences contained a few nucleotides mutation. We did not find new mosaic recombinant in the three sequences. The V3 motif was GPGQ in all the three sequences, and there were only few amino acids differences in all three V3 loop sequences.

CONCLUSIONThis report reveals the background of the three full-length CRF01_AE genomes, the most dominantly circulating HIV-1 strain in Fujian Province, China. The work is essential for the design and development of an effective AIDS vaccine for the region.

Adult ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Viral ; chemistry ; Female ; Genome, Viral ; HIV Long Terminal Repeat ; HIV-1 ; classification ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Recombination, Genetic

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Nutrition MCT and Nutrition MF enteral nutrition on nutritional status of patients after major abdominal operation.

METHODSIn a double- blinded and randomized cross- cover study, Nutrition MCT and Nutrition MF enteral nutrition were fed in patients when the gut function restored after operation. The total calorie was 104.6 kJ(25 kcal) x kg(-1) x d(-1) and the period of full dose of enteral nutrition was 5 days. The blood samples were collected before operation,before enteral nutrition and the sixth day after full dose of enteral nutrition for the measurement of pre- albumin, total protein,albumin, transferrin and triglyceride. The urine, stool and drainage fluid were collected to analyze nitrogen balance.

RESULTSThe plasma protein and fat were obviously dropped in patients after abdominal operation and improved after the enteral nutrition support in two groups. However, the pre- albumin level increased more in patients of Nutrition MCT than Nutrition MF.

CONCLUSIONNutrition MCT can obviously improve the nutritional status of patients after major abdominal operation.

Abdomen ; surgery ; Adult ; Aged ; Cross-Over Studies ; Double-Blind Method ; Enteral Nutrition ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutritional Status ; Proteins ; therapeutic use ; Triglycerides ; therapeutic use