Objective To study the anatomical character of compartment syndrome of foot after calcaneal intra-articaular by experimental model. MethodSix intact human cadaver lower extremities were used to produce calcaneal intra-articular fracture models, fracture patterns of the model were observed with radiographical technique, and anatomical study was proceeded to observe the fractures and their effects on soft tissues and compartments in foot.ResultAll specimens were sustained calcaneal intra-articular fractures successfully, 4 were joint depression fracture in x-ray, 2 were tongue type; 3 were Sander Ⅱ type and others were Sander Ⅲ type in CT. the primary fracture line coursed from anterolateral to posteromedial, and from anterosuperior to posteroinferior. It damaged all the soft tissue arosed from fractures medially and laterally, included adductor hallucis,quadratus plantae, flexor digitorum brevis and abductor digiti minimi as well.ConclusionFrom anatomical view, soft tissues of many compartments in foot rather than of simple compartmen are injuried when calcaneal intra-articular fractures occur, decompressive fasciotomies should be performed in all compartments involved. The present experimental protocol is useful to reproduce calcaneal intra-articular fractures.

BACKGROUND: A lot of important organs are worthless for clinical application because they are hard to store for a long time. In addition, tissues or organs which are dealt with cryopreservation also attack ischemia/reperfusion injury with the recovery of blood flow; especially, skeletal muscle is the most involved tissue.OBJECTIVE: To observe the protective influence of edaravone on cellular membrane and mitochondria of replanted rat extremities following ischemia/reperfusion injury due to cryopreservation and rewarming.DESIGN: Randomized contrast animal study.SETTING: Basic Medical College of Southern Medical University; Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Cryopreservation Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital from April to November 2006. A total of 36 healthy adult male Wistar rats were provided by Experimental Animal Center of Medical College of Shandong University. All rats were randomly divided into control group, cryopreservation group and edaravone group with 12 in each group.METHODS: Femoral artery and vein of rats in control group were exposured, but extremities were not blocked. Rats in other two groups were used to establish ischemia/reperfusion injury models of replanted extremities. Before cryopreservation, their right hindlimbs were cut off and maintained in liquid nitrogen container for 1 month. After the operation mentioned above, the broken limbs were rewarmed, perfused with routine eluant and replanted. Four hours later, blood supply of extremities was recirculated and the samples were selected. Eluant in edaravone group contained 0.5 mg/kg edaravone. Samples of skeletal muscle were selected at the same time point to establish cellular membrane and extract mitochondria. Furthermore, fluorescence polarization of cellular membrane (reflecting liquidity in cellular membrane lipid area), malondialdehyde (MDA) content of mitochondria, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and respiratory controlling rate were measured; meanwhile, mitochondrial ultrastructure of skeletal muscle was observed under transmission electron microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:①Fluorescence polarization of cellular membrane, MDA content of mitochondria, SOD activity and respiratory controlling rate of skeletal muscle; ②mitochondrial ultrastructure of skeletal muscle.RESULTS: All 36 rats were involved in the final analysis without any loss. ①SOD activity and respiratory controlling rate of mitochondria in skeletal muscle: The values of these two items were higher in edaravone group that those in cryopreservation group (P＜0.05).②Fluorescence polarization of cellular membrane and MDA content of mitochondria in skeletal muscle: The values of these two items were lower in edaravone group than those in cryopreservation group (P＜0.05). ③Mitochondrial ultrastructure of skeletal muscle: Injured degree of skeletal muscle was milder in edaravone group than that in cryopreservation group.CONCLUSION: Edaravone can relieve ischemia/reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle and protect cellular membrane and mitochondria of skeletal muscle. Its mechanism may be related to directly inhibiting hydroxy free radicals, increasing SOD activity of skeletal muscle, reducing generation of MDA and promoting normal oxidative phosphorylation.

Transposition of simple or composite forearm island flaps with a radial vascular pedicle was performed in repairing tissue defects of the hand and reconstruction of the thumb in 16 patients. It was found to be easy to operate and no suturing of blood vessels was necessary. The postoperative swelling was less marked. The flap was good in texture and sensation after the operation. The overall result wassatisfactory. Anatomic-physiological situdy was also carried out. 16 patients have been operated on, including 2 thumb reconstructions, with satisfactoryresults.

Objective To analyze the effect of angiopoietin-like protein 4(ANGPTL4) on M2 macrophage differentiation.Methods The frequency of M2 macrophages in spleen of ANGPTL 4-/-mice and the controls was detected by flow cytometry.And the changes of M2 macrophages was measured by LPS stimulation.F4/80 + macrophages was separated by flow cytometry and treated with LPS or recombinant ANGPTL 4 protein.The secretion of IL-4 in CD4 + T cells was observed after purified macrophages after co-culture with CD4 + T cells by the flow-cytometric intracellular staining method.Results There was no significant difference in the frequency of M2 macrophages in ANGPTL 4-/-mice and controls.LPS stimulation did not affect the expression of M2 macrophages from ANGPTL 4-/-mice.The macrophages from ANGPTL 4/-mice did not promote differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Th2 cells.After co-culturing of macrophages and CD4 + T cells for 48 h in vitro,IL-4 secretion of CD4 + T cells was not changed.Conclusions ANGPTL4 has no effects on M2 macrophage differentiation.

Objective To analyze the effect of angiopoietin-like protein 4(ANGPTL4) on M2 macrophage differentiation.Methods The frequency of M2 macrophages in spleen of ANGPTL 4-/-mice and the controls was detected by flow cytometry.And the changes of M2 macrophages was measured by LPS stimulation.F4/80 + macrophages was separated by flow cytometry and treated with LPS or recombinant ANGPTL 4 protein.The secretion of IL-4 in CD4 + T cells was observed after purified macrophages after co-culture with CD4 + T cells by the flow-cytometric intracellular staining method.Results There was no significant difference in the frequency of M2 macrophages in ANGPTL 4-/-mice and controls.LPS stimulation did not affect the expression of M2 macrophages from ANGPTL 4-/-mice.The macrophages from ANGPTL 4/-mice did not promote differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Th2 cells.After co-culturing of macrophages and CD4 + T cells for 48 h in vitro,IL-4 secretion of CD4 + T cells was not changed.Conclusions ANGPTL4 has no effects on M2 macrophage differentiation.

Dryness is an important concept in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine， which is closely related to the transformation of the body， etiology and pathogenesis. As one of the medicinal properties of Chinese materia medica， there are various types of Chinese materia medica with dryness. Atractylodis Rhizoma（AR） is a representative medicine with warm and dry properties， which has the function of drying dampness and strengthening the spleen. Due to its strong dryness， it can cause certain adverse reactions. In clinical practice， stir-fried AR with bran is often used as medicine. The dryness of AR is closely related to its efficacy， but the underlying mechanism of the relationship between dryness and efficacy is still unclear. At present， the research on dryness Chinese materia medica has been increasing year by year， but there are still problems such as insufficient systematic research， insufficient in-depth research and lack of research on the mechanism of dryness effect， which limit the breakthrough of the theory of processing for slowing down dryness， and hinder the precise application of dryness Chinese materia medica in clinical practice. Therefore， this article comprehensively reviewed the differences in dryness characterization indicators of different Chinese materia medica by searching domestic and foreign literature， focusing on the relevant research on dryness of AR. A systematic summary and induction were made from the characterization indicators， research techniques of dryness markers， the influence of processing on dryness of AR， and the application mining of dryness of AR. The results showed that the dryness characteristics of AR mainly included the upregulation of macroscopic indicators such as water intake， urine output and whole blood viscosity， as well as energy metabolism indicators， the downregulation of water metabolism indicators， and pathological changes such as submandibular gland acinar atrophy. Based on the changes of dryness and component content of AR after processing， it is determined that the main dryness components of AR may be volatile components such as β-eudesmol and atractylon. Due to its dryness， AR is mainly used to treat diseases such as spleen deficiency， rheumatism and edema. However， the current understanding of the correlation between dryness and efficacy of AR is still insufficient， and there are still many bottlenecks in understanding and explaining its dryness. In the future， systematic evaluation and characterization should be carried out to find the common mechanism of AR exerting dryness and efficacy， providing reference for the rational clinical use.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the polysomnographic differences between males and females with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS).METHODS Adults visited to Beijing Tongren Hospital for sleep snoring from January 2023 to August 2023 who completed overnight polysomnography(PSG)and whose apnea hypopnea index(AHI)≥5 times/h were diagnosed as OSAS patients in this study.The general information,respiratory events and sleep structure were compared between male and female OSAS patients.RESULTS A total of 380 patients were included in this study with 293 males(77.1%)and 87 females(22.9%).Mean age was(44.4±11.5)years,and the mean body mass index was(26.5±3.9)kg/m2;AHI ranged between 5.0 and 115.8 times/h with a mean of(34.9±24.8)times/h;lowest oxygen saturation(LSpO2)ranged between 43%-97%with a mean of(80.7±11.6)%.Between male and female OSAS patients,the AHI in males was higher than females[(37.9±24.8)times/h vs.(24.5±21.7)times/h,P=0.000],and the AHI in REM was higher in males than females[(36.7±23.2)times/h vs.(30.9±22.8)times/h,P=0.040].LSpO2 was lower in males than females[(79.2±12.0)%vs.(85.7±8.3)%,P=0.000].There were significant differences for arousal index,sleep efficiency,N1 sleep percent and N3 sleep percent between two groups.Between male and female OSAS patients over 50 years old,AHI was still higher in males than in females[(39.3±21.4)times/h vs.(30.5±23.0)times/h,P=0.029],and there was no significant difference in AHIREM and LSpO2.The difference in sleep structure between male and female OSAS patients over 50 years old was consistent with that of participants.CONCLUSION The AHI and LSpO2 of male OSAS patients were more serious than those of female OSAS patients,and the reduction of slow wave sleep was more obvious.OSAS became worse after menopause,which was highlighted by the increase of respiratory events in REM and the more serious decline of LSpO2.The protective effect of female hormones on OSAS is mainly to alleviate REM respiratory events and hypoxia damage,rather than improving sleep structure.