Objective To investigate the expressions of interluekin-3 in BALB/c mice infected by mycoplasma pneumonia (MP)and to clarify the relationship between IL-3 and MP infection.Methods Total 36 BALB/c mice were randomly divid-ed into control group,MP infection group and clarithromycin treatment group.MP infection models were established with the method of dripping cultured MP into nasal cavity of mice.ELISA method was used to assay the levels of IL-3 in the the serum of the mice and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in various groups.The lung tissue was fixed in formalin for sections,HE staining was performed for the observation of histological changes.Results The MP-infected mouse models were established successfully and MP strains were dripped into the respiratory system of mice.As showed in histopathological observasion re-sults,significantly increased after MP infection and then gradually decreased after clarithromycin treatment.The ELISA re-sults showed that the level of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of IL-3 of the mice in MP infection group were 96.4± 8.3 ng/L and 60.9 ±6.5 ng/L.Compared with the control group(203.1±14.5 ng/L,96.3±12.6ng/L),serum and bron-choalveolar lavage fluid of mice infected with MP in IL-3 levels were significantly lower (t serum = 19.50,t balf = 17.20,P <0.01),and after treatment with clarithromycin,serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of IL-3 significantly increased,re-spectively(175.6±12.5 ng/L and 85.6± 10.2 ng/L,tserum = 17.41,tbalf = 14.62,P <0.01),the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion IL-3 levels were decreased in mycoplasma pneumonia mice.Clarithromycin treatment had effect on mycoplasma pneumonia infecttion.The expression level IL-3 may be related to the severity degree of MP infection.

Objective To evaluate the changes in cerebral oxygen delivery/consumption and glucose metabolism during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery under propofol-fentanyl anesthesia.Methods Fifteen ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 20-59 yrs weighing 47-65 kg undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery under propofol-fentanyl anesthesia were studied. The patients were premedicated with scopolamine 0.3 mg, midazolam 0.02 mg?kg-1 and fentanyl-droperidol mixture 0.03 ml?kg-1 Ⅳ. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 2 ?g?kg-1, propofol 2 mg? kg-1 and vecuronium 0.1 mg?kg-1 and maintained with TCI of propofol with target effect-site concentration set at 3-4 ?g? ml-1 and intermittent Ⅳ boluses of fentanyl and vecuronium. The patients were mechanically ventilated (VT = 7 ml? kg-1 RR = 14 bpm, I: E = 1:2). PET CO2 was maintained at 35-45 mm Hg. Radial artery was cannulated for BP monitoring and blood sampling. Left internal jugular vein was cannulated and advanced cephalad until a resistance was met. The depth of insertion was about 11-14 cm. After the pneumoperitoneum was established ( Ultra-abdominal pressure = 15 mm Hg) , the patients were placed in head-down position. Blood samples were taken from radial artery and internal jugular vein simultaneously before anesthesia ( T1 , baseline), before pneumoperitoneum (T2) and at 10, 20 and 60 min after pneumoperitoneum was established (T3-5) for blood gas analysis and determination of plasma glucose and lactic acid concentration. Arterio-jugular oxygen content difference ( Da-jv O2 ), arterio-jugular plasma lactic acid difference ( Da-jv. Lac ), cerebral oxygen consumption and cerebral glucose extraction rate (GluER) were calculated. Jugular bulb pressure (JBP) was recorded at blood sampling.Results After pneumoperitoneum was established JBP increased significantly. Jugular bulb oxygen saturation (Sjv O2 ) increased significantly. Da-jv, O2 and cerebral oxygen extraction rate ( OER) decreased significantly after pneumoperitoneum (T3-5 ) . Plasma glucose level increased along with the pneumoperitoneum, while the Da-jv Glu, Da-jv Lac remained constant. Conclusion During laparoscopic gynecologic surgery under propofotfentanyl anesthesia cerebral venous pressure is elevated and cerebral oxygen supply exceeds oxygen consumption. Blood glucose level increases during pneumoperitoneum. However brain energy metabolism is not affected during pneumoperitoneum with patient in head-down position.

Objective To investigate the analgesic effect and the safety assessment of intravenous injection of flurbiprofen axetil and sufentanil combined with epidural morphine for post-cesarean analgesia.Methods One hundred and eighty parturients (ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ) undergoing elective cesarean section with combined spinal and epidural anesthesia were divided into morphine group (group A),sufentanil + morphine group(group B),flurbiprofen axetil+sufentanil+ morphine group(group C) with 60 cases in each group.All patients were used subarachnoid epidural anesthesia,at the end of the surgery,1.5 mg morphine diluted to 5 ml saline was injected into the epidural space of each patient.Additional,group B and group C received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after cesarean section.Flurbiprofen axetil and sufentanil were diluted to 100 ml with saline.The visual analog scale (VAS) of rest and dynamic incisional pain and uterine contraction pain,Ramsay sedation scale (RSS),and adverse events were recorded at 6,12,24 h after operation.Results At 6,12,24 h after operation,the VAS scores of rest and dynamic incisional pain and uterine contraction pain in group B and group C were statistically lower than those in group A [rest incisional pain:(2.6 ± 0.6),(2.7 ± 0.4),(2.8 ± 0.3)scores in group A; (2.3 ± 0.3),(2.3 ± 0.4),(2.2 ± 0.3) scores in group B; (1.8 ± 0.4),(1.7 ±0.5),(1.9 ±0.4) scores in group C; dynamic incisional pain:(5.7 ±0.9),(5.5 ± 0.8),(5.6 ± 1.0) scores in group A; (3.8 ± 0.4),(3.7 ± 0.5),(3.7 ± 0.4) scores in group B ; (2.7 ± 0.4),(2.4 ± 0.5),(2.4 ± 0.6) scores in group C ; uterine contraction pain:(5.7 ± 1.2),(5.9 ± 0.9),(5.8 ± 1.1) scores in group A; (3.0 ± 0.5),(3.1 ± 0.6),(3.2 ± 0.7)scores in group B; (2.5 ± 0.5),(2.5 ± 0.6),(2.4 ± 0.4) scores in group C],and group C were lower than group B,and there were significant differences (P＜0.05).At 6,12,24 h after operation,Ramsay score in group B and group C was higher than that in group A [(1.8 ± 0.5),(1.7 ± 0.4),(1.9 ± 0.5) scores in group A; (3.4 ± 0.8),(3.2 ± 0.7),(3.3 ± 0.6) scores in group B; (2.7 ±0.7),(2.7 ±0.5),(2.6 ± 0.4)scores in group C],and group C was higher than group B,and there were significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of adverse events in group A and group C was lower than group B [8.3％(5/60) and 23.3％(14/60) vs.40.0％(24/60)],and group A was lower than group C,and there were significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).Condusion Intravenous injection of flurbiprofen axetil and sufentanil combined with epidural morphine could perform better analgesic on postoperative incisional and uterine contraction pain after cesarean section and the incidence of adverse events is less than sufentanil combined with morphine.

Objective: To determine the action site of propofol and hydroxybutyrate sodium relaxing mandibular muscles. Method: Eighty adult patients,ASA class Ⅰ or Ⅱ, were randomly divided into four groups (n=20),receiving intravenous propofol 1.5,3.0mg/kg or hydroxybutyrate sodium 50,80mg/kg, respectively. Train-of-four (TOF), double-burst stimulation (DBS), tetanic stimulation (TS)were applied to ulnar nerve-adductor pollicis or mandibular nerve masseter. Result: (1) After intravenous propofol and hydroxybutyrate sodium,T1 (first twitch height of TOF)and TOF ratio of addutor pollicis were kept unchanged. (2)After intravenous propofol ,T1 induced by stimulating mandibular nerve-masseter was similar to before administration and TOF,DBS and TS ratios were significantly increased; (3) after intravenous hydroxybutyrate sodium,TOF ratios of mandibular nerve-masseter remained stable, but T1, DBS and TS ratios significantly reduced. Conclusion:Neuromuscular transmission of ulnar nerve-addutor pollicis is not affected by propofol and hydroxybutyrate sodium. The action place of propofol relaxing the mandibular muscles is located in central nerve system. Hydroxybutyrate sodium blocks neuromuscular transmission of mandibular nerve-masseter.

Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes of the rats with severe scald.Methods Twenty-four healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-280 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),severe scald group (group S),and scald + dexmedetomidine group (group D).Thirty percent of the total body surface area was shaved on the back and then exposed to 94 ℃ water for 12 s to establish the model of 3rd degree scald.Dexmedetomidine 30 μg/kg (2 μg/ml) was intraperitoneally injected immediately after scald in group D.Myocardial specimens were obtained at 12 h after scald for examination of the pathological changes and for determination of cell apoptosis and expression of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP),PERK,and phosphorylated PERK (p-PERK) by Western blot.The apoptosis index and p-PERK/PERK ratio were calculated.Results Compared with group C,the apoptosis index was significantly increased,the expression of CHOP,PERK and p-PERK was significantly up-regulated,and the p-PERK/PERK ratio was significantly increased in S and D groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group S,the apoptosis index was significantly decreased,the expression of CHOP,PERK and p-PERK was significantly down-regulated,and the p-PERK/PERK ratio was significantly decreased (P＜0.05),and the pathological changes of myocardium were significantly attenuated in group D.Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine inhibits apoptosis in cardiomyocytes is related to inhibition of PERK signaling pathway in the rats with severe scald.

Objective To design an arthroscopic universal aiming device for cruciate ligament repairing and evaluate its clinical efficacy. Methods The aiming device was designed on the principle of “a line crossing any point on a spherical surface and perpendicular to it must cross the sphere center”, which enables the surgeon to locate the ligamentous attachment of cruciate ligament precisely for reconstruction. Twelve cases of PCL injuries have been treated with this method. Results The average follow up period was 12.1 months (5-19 months). According to Lysholm scoring system, the average score was improved from 59.2 points to 92.7 points, increased by 33.5 points. Lachman test turned negative in all patients, the average range of motion was 120?. Conclusion The instrument was reasonably designed for easy handling and precise orientation. It is particularly preferable to locate the tibial attachment of cruciate ligament for endoscopic reconstruction on the posteromedial approach.

Background Electroacupuncture pretreatment plays a protective role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and microRNAs (miRNAs) could act on various facets of cardiac function. However, the role of miRNAs in the cardioprotection by electroacupuncture pre-treatment on myocardial I/R injury remains unknown. The purpose of the study was to examine whether miR-214 was involved in cardio-protection by electroacupuncture. Methods Using rat myocardial I/R model, we examined the role of electroacupuncture pretreatment in myocardial I/R injury and analyzed the changes in the expression of miR-214. In addition, I/R was simulated in vitro by performing oxy-gen-glucose deprivation (OGD) on H9c2 cell cultures, and the effect of electroacupuncture pretreatment on I/R injury as well as expressional level of miR-214 were examined in vitro. Furthermore, the miR-214 mimic was transfected into OGD-treated H9c2 cells, we analyzed the cell apoptosis, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities, intracellular free Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) as well as the relative protein levels of sodium/calcium exchanger 1(NCX1), BCL2-like 11 (BIM), calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIδ(CaMKIIδ) and Cyclophilin D (CypD). Results The in vivo results revealed that compared with the I/R group, the electroacupuncture pretreatment group showed significant decreased myocardial infarct size, as well as the increased indices of the cardiac function, including heart rate, mean arterial pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure and maximal rate for left ventricular pressure rising and declining (±dp/dt max). In addition, electroacupuncture pretreatment could inhibit the elevation of LDH and CK activities induced by I/R injury. The quantitative PCR (qPCR) results demonstrated electroacupuncture pretreatment could provide cardioprotection against myocardial I/R injury in rats with miR-214 up-regulation. In the meanwhile, in vitro, electroacupuncture pretreatment protected H9c2 cells from OGD-induced injury. Trans-fection of miR-214 mimic showed protective effects on OGD-induced injury to H9c2 cells by reducing apoptosis, decreasing LDH and CK activities, rescuing the OGD-induced Ca2+and down-regulating elevated protein levels of NCX1, BIM, CaMKIIδand CypD. Conclusions Our findings firstly demonstrated that electroacupuncture pretreatment promotes the expression of miR-214 in myocardial I/R injury and miR-214 contributes to the protective effect of electroacupuncture on myocardial I/R injury.

ObjectIve To InvestIgate the balance between cerebral O2 supply and consumptIon and glucose metabolIsm durIng supratentorIal tumor resectIon under total Intravenous anesthesIa (TIVA) wIth propofol. Methods Twenty-four patIents of ASA grade Ⅰ- Ⅱ aged 20-55 undergoIng electIve supratentorIal tumor resectIon were randomly dIvIded Into 2 groups : lIdocaIne group (A, n = 12) and control group (B, n - 12) . After sedatIon wIth Intravenous scopolamIne 0.3 mg, mIdazolam 0.02 mg?kg-1 and droperIdol-fentanyl mIxture 0.03 ml? kg-1 radIal artery was cannulated for Bp monItorIng and blood samplIng and left Internal jugular veIn was cannulated retrogradely and the catheter was advanced cephalad untIl jugular bulb for blood samplIng. In lIdocaIne group anesthesIa was Induced wIth lIdocaIne 1.5 mg?kg1, propofol 2 mg?kg1, droperIdol-Ientanyl mIxture 0.04 ml?kg-1 and pIpecuronIum 0.15 mg ? kg1 and maIntaIned wIth propofol InfusIon at 6-8 mg?kg-1?h-1 and IntermIttent I. v. boluses of fentanyl and pIpecuronIum. LIdocaIne was Infused after InductIon of anesthesIa at 11.7 mg ?kg1? h-1 for 20 mIn then InfusIon was maIntaIned at 2 mg ?kg1? h-1 .In control group lIdocaIne was replaced by normal salIne. The patIents were mechanIcally ventIlated (VT 6-8 ml?kg1 , RR 12-14 bpm) and PETCO2 was maIntaIned at 29-31 mm Hg In both groups. Blood volume and hemodynamIcs were well maIntaIned durIng operatIon. Blood samples were taken from artery (a) and jugular venous bulb (jv) sImultaneously before InductIon of anesthesIa (T0, baselIne), at IntubatIon (T1), whIle tumor was beIng Isolated (T2) and resected (T3) and at the closure of dura (T4 ) , for blood gas analysIs and determInatIon of Hb and glucose and lactate concentratIon. The dIfference In arterIal and jugular bulb O, content ( Ca-jvO2 ) , cerebral O2 extractIon rate (O3ER), glucose extractIon rate ( GER) and lactate productIon rate (LacPR) were calculated. Results The two groups were comparable wIth respect to demographIc data, duratIon of operatIon and the amount of propofol and fentanyl used. SjvO2 was sIgnIfIcantly lower, Ca-jvO2 greater and O2ER hIgher at T1 In group A than In group B. There was no sIgnIfIcant dIfference In GER and LacPR between the two groups. ConclusIon A bolus of lIdocaIne 1.5 mg?kg-1can increase cerebral O2 extraction during induction and intubation but lidocaine infusion at 2 mg?kg-1?h-1 has no significant effect on cerebral O2 supply/demand and glucose metabolism.

Objective To study anesthesia management in the laparoscopic excision of pheochromocytoma. Methods Thirty-seven cases of the epidural associated general anesthesia cured with diazepam 10 mg and scopolamine 0.3 mg administered 30 min before operation , anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 2?g ?kg -1 ,propofol 2mg?kg -1 , vecuronium 0.12mg?kg -1 and maintained with isoflurane,propofol and fentanyl. Vasoactive drugs were used to maintain blood pressure. All cases were sent into surgery intensive care unit after operation, ropivacaine and morphine for analgesia. Results The anesthetic effects and analgesia were satisfactory; all patients were cured. Conclusion Approach of anesthesia management in the laparoscopic excision of pheochromocytoma is feasible.

40kPaOxygen metabolism and hemodynamics were measured with Swan-Ganz catheter techniques and reverse Fick principleResults Before anaethesia, oxygen delivery(DO_2), mixed venous oxygen pressure (PvO_2) and oxygen extraction ratio(O_2ER) in group Ⅱ were significantly lower than those in group Ⅰ (P