Objective To establish the differential templates of juvenile and children in Shandong with normal occlusion, according to the group of skeletal age. Methods 212 juvenile and children at the age of 8-16 years (107 males and 105 females) with normal occlusion in Shandong natives were took cephalomatric radiographs, and divided into different groups by cervical vertebrae skeletal age. Then these cephalomatric radiographs were scanned on the computer and 14 skeletal landmarks were vectorizated. An analytical method of Ricketts and McNamara with WinCept 7.0 was used to make statistics and variance analysis among gender and every group of cervical vertebrae skeletal age,and then established the templates. Results The juvenile and children in Shandong natives with normal occlusion had different templates. Conclusion By overlapping the same skeletal age of templates by SN plane, we can see that male face outline is greater than female and male mandibular plane angle is smaller than female. By overlapping the same gender of templates, there is a developmental trend of mandibular bone to be forward and downward, and to revolve anticlockwise with age.

A sensitive and selective method for the determination of imidafenacin in human plasma using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry was established, and was applied to the pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies of imidafenacin in healthy Chinese volunteers. After the liquid-liquid extraction pretreatment, samples were separated by UPLC on BEH C8(2. 1 mm×50 mm, 1. 7 μm)column with mobile phase 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution with 0. 2% acetic acid and acetonitrile using gradient elution. The mass instrument was operated in the positive ion mode, and the monitored transition was set at m/z 320. 2→238. 1 and m/z 330. 2→248. 2 for imidafenacin and IS(imidafenacin-d10), respectively. In the single-dose, double cycle, self-crossover clinical trial, 24 healthy Chinese volunteers received 0. 1 mg reference or test imidafenacin tablet orally under fasting condition. Drug concentration in plasma was determined by this method and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 3. 2. 8 software. The linear range of the analysis method is 10. 0 pg/mL to 1 000 pg/mL. The extraction recoveries of the low medium and high concentration samples were 84. 0%, 88. 0% and 90. 0%, respectively. The matrix effects of low medium and high concentration samples were 105%, 100% and 101%, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of imidafenacin for the reference and test tablets were as follows: cmax 524. 8 pg/mL vs 612. 6 pg/mL, tmax 1. 250 h vs 1. 063 h, AUC0-∞ 2 229 pg ·h/mL vs 2 466 pg ·h/mL. The reference and test tablets of imidafenacin were bioequivalent. This method proved to be rapid and accurate for the pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies of imidafenacin.

Objective:To improve the aqueous solubility, biocompatibility, fluorescence, and sonosensitivity of curcumin, this study aims to transform curcumin into curcumin-derived carbon dots (Cur-CDs) to enhance the efficacy of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) of atherosclerosis (AS).Methods:Cur-CDs were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The morphology was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were applied to analyze the chemical composition and surface functional groups. Optical properties were examined by UV-visible spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. Cell proliferation and viability assay and a hemolysis experiment were performed to assess biocompatibility. The sonosensitivity of Cur-CDs was determined by the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by Cur-CDs.To verify the effect of Cur-CDs-mediated SDT on macrophage phenotype, the M1 and M2 macrophage marker genes were detected via real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The ability of Cur-CDs in plaque detection was assessed through in vivo fluorescence imaging and ex vivo aortic fluorescence imaging. Atherosclerotic plaque mice were divided into five groups: control group, curcumin group, Cur-CDs group, curcumin + low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) group, and Cur-CDs+ LPIUS group. Aortic Oil red O staining and blood lipid level measurements were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of SDT on the plaques.Results:Cur-CDs exhibited a spherical morphology and a distinct lattice structure with the diameter of (1.87±0.35)nm. The aqueous solubility of Cur-CDs was about 10 5 times that of curcumin because of their abundant oxygen-containing hydrophilic functional groups.Cur-CDs at concentrations up to 500 mg/L had no significant impact on cell proliferation and viability, with a negligible hemolysis rate of <1%, indicating good biocompatibility of Cur-CDs. Cur-CDs exhibited a stable and excellent fluorescence with the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of 420 nm and 530 nm, respectively. Cur-CDs had the potential to be used for plaque fluorescence imaging, with the fluorescence intensity at the plaque being significantly greater than that of curcumin( P<0.01). It was observed that Cur-CDs activated by LIPUS were capable of producing ROS, including 1O 2, ·OH, and ·O 2-, with the total amount of ROS exceeding that of curcumin( P<0.05). Cur-CDs-mediated SDT facilitated the transformation of macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2, with a more pronounced effect than that observed with curcumin-mediated SDT. Oil red O staining revealed the most significant reduction in plaque area and lipid content in the Cur-CDs+ LIPUS group, which was about three times greater than that in the curcumin+ LIPUS group, confirming the excellent efficacy of Cur-CDs-mediated SDT on plaques. Conclusions:The successfully prepared Cur-CDs exhibit superior aqueous solubility, biocompatibility, fluorescence, and sonosensitivity than curcumin, contributing to the significant improvement in sonodynamic efficacy on plaques.