Objective To investigate the protective effects of memantine on isofluane￣induced decrease of proliferation in neural stem cells ( NSCs) and the potential mechanisms in vitro. Methods Neural stem cells were isolated from rat hippocampi (postnatal day 1) and grew in culture. Cultured NSCs were randomly divided into the control ( Group Control), Vehicle (Group Vehicle), Isoflurane ( Group Iso), Isoflurane +Memantine ( Group Iso +Mem) and Isoflurane + Memantine +LY294002 groups (Group Iso+Mem+LY).Proliferation was assessed by cell counting and BrdU incorporation.Western blot was conducted to detect protein expression of phospho￣Akt. Results Compared with the control group,BrdU incorporation and phospho￣Akt expressions in neural stem cells significantly declined after 2.4% isoflurane exposure for 6 h (P<0.01).However, isofluane￣induced decrease of BrdU incorporation and phospho￣Akt expressions was attenuated by the treatments of memantine (P<0.01)). It was showed that Akt inhibitors LY294002 reversed the protective effects on neural stem cells proliferation by memantine(P<0.01). Conclusion The results suggest that memantine treatment might attenuate isofluane￣induced decrease of proliferation in neural stem cells via Akt signaling pathway.

Objective To evaluate the effect of lithium chloride (LiCl) pretreatment on isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction and inflammatory response in hippocampus in aged rats.Methods Eighty 20-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 350-400 g,were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n =20 each):control group (group C),1.4％ isoflurane group (group I),100 mg/kg LiCI + 1.4％ isoflurane group (group L+ I),and 100 mg/kg LiC1 group (group L).Group I was exposed to 1.4％ isoflurane in 30％ O2-70％ N2 for 6 h,while group C was exposed to 30％ O2-70％ N2 only.LiCl 100 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 3 consecutive days and isoflurane anesthesia was performed on 4th day in group L + I.LiCl 100 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 3 consecutive days and then the rats inhaled 30％ O2-70％ N2 for 6 h on 4th day in group L.Blood samples were taken immediately after the end of anesthesia for blood gas analysis.Hippocampi were isolated 24 h after the end of anesthesia for determination of the expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and acetyl-NF-κB (Lys310) (by Western blot) and TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA (by RT-PCR).The levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were determined by ELISA and the contents of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were calculated.The cognitive function was assessed on 2nd day after the end of anesthesia.Results Compared with group C,the expression of GSK-3β and acetyl-NF-κB (Lys310) was significantly up-regulated,the expression of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA and contents of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were increased,the escape latency was prolonged,and the time of staying at the original platform quadrant was shortened in group I (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group I,the expression of GSK-3β and acetyl-NF-κB (Lys310) was significantly down-regulated,the expression of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA and contents of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were decreased,the escape latency was shortened,and the time of staying at the original platform quadrant was prolonged in group L + I (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion LiC1 pretreatment can improve isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction and inhibition of inflammatory response in hippocampus is involved in the mechanism in aged rats.

OBJECTIVETo study the efficacy of B1 field shimming technique and evaluate the specific absorption rate (SAR) in ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).

METHODSAn electromagnetic model of the female pelvis with a temperature gradient was established. B1 field homogeneity and local SAR were simulated and calculated using regular and optimized B1 shimming coefficients.

RESULTSThe maximum local SAR reached 10.24 W/kg, which exceeded the safe threshold of 10 W/kg, as calculated using regular B1 shimming coefficients in the normal model. Using the optimized B1 shimming coefficients, the maximum local SAR of the tissue was 9.65 W/kg, which was below the safe threshold.

CONCLUSIONThe temperature distributions in the body generated by ultrasound energy need to be considered in ultra-high field MRI-guided HIFU surgery. The proposed optimized B1 shimming strategy based on the temperature gradient can be used to control the local SAR levels.

Female ; High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pelvis ; Ultrasonic Therapy

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined therapy with 89Sr for treating skeletal-related events of prostate cancer. Methods Databases including PubMed,MEDLINE,EMBASE,the Cochrane library,CNKI,CBM and Wanfang were systematically searched since 89Sr was first reported in 1976 to September 2015 to include the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the combined therapy with 89Sr for skeletal-related events of prostate cancer.The statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager Version 5.2. Results A total of 18 RCTs involving 1 280 patients were analyzed.The results of meta-analysis indicated:there were statistically significant differences in the pain relief rate [OR=4.71,95%CI(3.34, 6.62),P<0.000 1],decrement rate of bone metastasis[OR=3.63,95%CI(2.60,5.09),P<0.000 1] and improvement rate of life quality [OR=2.16,95%CI(1.16,4.02),P<0.05].Progression-free survival of patients in experimental group was significantly longer than that in control group [HR=0.84,95%CI(0.73,0.97),P=0.02].No significant difference was found in overall survival [HR=0.82,95%CI(0.65,1.02),P=0.07].There were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events [OR=1.46,95%CI(0.98,2.17),P>0.05]. Conclusion Combined therapy with 89Sr has better efficacy and comparable safety profile compared with standard therapy.However,the quality and sample size of the included studies are limited,so more high-quality and large-sample RCTs are needed to verify the validity.

Objective To establish the new animal models of malformation of cortical development (MCD) induced by methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM),and analyze the relationship between extent of histopathology and age,seizure susceptibility and effect of seizure on the histopathology.Methods Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into MAM group and control group;rats in the MAM group received twice intraperitoneal injection of MAM (15 mg/kg) to establish MCD models on embryonic day 15,while rats in the control group only given normal saline.Daily activities and EEG features of the next generation rats were observed;Thioine-Giemsa staining and immunofluorescence staining of NeuN were applied to observe the histological changes.Pilocarpine was administrated to investigate the effects of seizure susceptibility and epilepsy seizure on pathological morphology.Results The MAM rats were dull and curtail their activities,their seizure susceptibility elevated.The histopathological and immunofluorescence staining results revealed that the MAM rats' cerebral cortex decreased and the laminar organization was disrupted;there were heterotopic neuros,hypertrophic neurons and proliferation nodules in the hippocampal and cortex;the pathology changes exacerbated with age.The malformation of cortical development was more serious in the MAM rats which experienced seizure than the MAM rats.Conclusion The MCD rat models can be established by twice intraperitoneal injection of MAM,and their pathological features resemble the patient of MCD and their pathology exacerbate with age.Seizure can aggravate the pathology of MCD.Combining utilization MAM and pilocarine could be a good approach to establish animal models of epilepsy based on MCD.