Dermatology ; education ; methods ; trends ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Medicine ; Singapore ; Skin Diseases ; therapy

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; therapeutic use ; Immunologic Factors ; therapeutic use ; Levofloxacin ; Ofloxacin ; adverse effects ; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ; drug therapy ; etiology

Back ; pathology ; Collagen ; Fibrosis ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Skin Diseases ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Thorax ; pathology

Humans ; Pruritus/etiology* ; Skin

INTRODUCTIONTinea unguium is a common nail infection. We conducted a retrospective ten-year study of the patient demographics and species distribution of dermatophytes causing tinea unguium in a tertiary hospital from Singapore.

METHODSResults of fungal nail cultures were retrieved from our hospital's microbiology department. Samples from nail scrapings and clippings were inoculated onto agar plates (Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and Mycosel agar). Nail specimens that grew dermatophytes were included in the study.

RESULTSOverall, 229 (male: n = 164, 71.6%; female: n = 65, 28.4%) nail specimens grew dermatophytes. Mean patient age was 58 (range 18-93) years. A majority of specimens came from patients aged over 50 years (n = 162, 70.7%) and 60-79 years (n = 100, 43.7%). Ethnically, 160 (69.9%) patients were Chinese, 36 (15.7%) Indian, 18 (7.9%) Malay and 15 (6.6%) of other ethnicities. Among dermatophytes isolated were Trichophyton rubrum (n = 93, 40.6%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n = 60, 26.2%), unidentified Trichophyton spp. (n = 57, 24.9%), Trichophyton tonsurans (n = 10, 4.4%), Epidermophyton floccosum (n = 5, 2.2%), Trichophyton verrucosum (n = 2, 0.9%), Trichophyton soudanense (n = 1, 0.4%) and Trichophyton violaceum (n = 1, 0.4%).

CONCLUSIONA majority of isolates were from elderly patients. Compared to Singapore's general population, patients of Indian and other ethnicities were over-represented for tinea unguium when compared to Chinese and Malay patients. Trichophyton rubrum was the most common dermatophyte isolated, while Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton soudanense were rare causes of tinea unguium.

INTRODUCTIONLifelong immunosuppression after renal transplant exerts effects on the recipients' skin, including skin infections, skin cancers and drug-induced skin disorders. Our study aimed to determine the epidemiology of skin conditions among renal transplant recipients in the largest tertiary hospital in Singapore.

METHODSWe reviewed the medical records of kidney transplant recipients at Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2013. Among these patients, the clinical data of patients who sought skin consultations with either dermatologists or plastic surgeons within the hospital was captured.

RESULTSA total of 178 patients were included in our study. There were 88 (45.6%) skin infections, 23 (11.9%) drug-induced skin conditions, 9 (4.7%) skin cancers and 73 (37.8%) other skin conditions. Skin infection was the predominant reason for consultation, with viral warts (15%, n = 29) being the most common. Of the nine cases in our cohort with skin cancer, there were three cases of basal cell carcinoma, three cases of Bowen's disease, two cases of extramammary Paget's disease and one case of squamous cell carcinoma. Drug-induced skin conditions, mainly attributable to long-term steroids and cyclosporin use, were represented by acne (9.3%, n = 18) and sebaceous hyperplasia (2.6%, n = 5).

CONCLUSIONOur study demonstrated the spectrum of skin conditions that can be expected after renal transplantation. We wish to highlight the importance of careful dermatological screening and long-term follow-up for these patients, in order to reduce post-transplant skin complications.