OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in the human peritoneum and to evaluate the effect of peritoneal dialysis (PD) on its expression.

METHODSPeritoneal biopsies were obtained from normal subjects (n = 10), uremic nondialysis patients (n = 12) at catheter insertion and PD patients (n = 10) at the time of catheter removal, reinsertion or renal transplantation. Western blot, immuno-histochemical staining and reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques were used to investigate AQP1 expression.

RESULTSAll peritoneal samples expressed AQP1 at both mRNA and protein levels. Western blot revealed a major band at 28 kD as well as more diffuse bands between 35 and 50 kD. The 28 kD band represents the nonglycosylated form of the protein while the 35 - 50 kD bands correspond to glycosylated AQP1. Immunohistochemical staining found the positive deposits were distributed in the mesothelial cells, endothelial cells of capillaries, venules and small veins, whereas no signal was detected in the arterioles. Semi-quantitative analysis showed that AQP1 expression was remarkably stable in all samples, whatever their origin (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggested that AQP1 is the molecular counterpart of an ultra small pore during PD. Secondly, the peritoneal mesothelial cell might also be involved in peritoneal transcellular water transport. As regards whether or not the structural or distributional alterations of AQP1 in the peritoneum may be more obviously expressed during PD, further study is needed.

Adult ; Aquaporin 1 ; Aquaporins ; analysis ; Blood Group Antigens ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Peritoneum ; chemistry ; physiology ; Uremia ; physiopathology

Objective:To study the effect of different crystalloid resuscitation on renal function in septic shock rabbits, and to provide a theoretical basis for the choice of crystalloid for clinical fluid resuscitation.Methods:Thirty-six healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into six groups by random number table: control group, model group, and four crystalloid groups including normal saline (NS) group, lactate Ringer solution (LR) group, acetate Ringer solution (AR) group, and sodium potassium magnesium calcium glucose injection (SPMCG) group, with 6 rabbits in each group. Rabbits were infused with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 500 μg/kg via the marginal ear vein (infused at a constant speed within 20 minutes), and then continued to infuse in an increase of 300 μg/kg every 10 minutes, the maximum dose was 2 mg/kg, until the mean arterial pressure (MAP) dropped to 60% of the basal value, the septic shock model was considered to be successfully reproduced. The rabbits in the control group were not injected with LPS, and other operations were the same as in the model group. Different crystalloid groups were given crystal solution immediately after modeling for resuscitation (predetermined fluid volume 60 mL/kg, transfusion within 3 hours). The volume stress test was performed every hour to guide the fluid volume, and the stroke volume index increase rate (ΔSVI) < 15% was the end point of resuscitation. The control group and the model group were given NS 4 mL·kg -1·h -1 to maintain the physiological requirement. All groups were given tracheotomy and mechanical ventilation, and the hemodynamic changes were monitored by pulse-indicated continuous cardiac output (PiCCO). The dynamic changes of hemodynamic indexes, arterial blood gas analysis, electrolytes, blood glucose and renal function biomarkers were monitored before modeling, immediately after modeling and 3, 6, and 12 hours after resuscitation. Results:① Hemodynamic indicators: after modeling, the MAP in the model group and the four fluid resuscitation groups decreased significantly, the cardiac index (CI) increased, and the systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), global end-diastolic volumn index (GEDVI) decreased. After different crystalloid resuscitation at different time points, MAP, SVRI, and GEDVI increased in the four crystalloid groups. ②Arterial blood gas analysis, electrolytes, blood glucose: blood lactic acid (Lac) in the model group and the four fluid resuscitation groups increased after model success. After fluid resuscitation, the Lac of each crystalloid group began to decrease and reached to the lowest at 12 hours. Compared with the LR, AR and SPMCG groups, the pH value decreased in the NS group at 6 hours and 12 hours of fluid resuscitation (6 hours: 7.29±0.00 vs. 7.40±0.02, 7.35±0.02, 7.37±0.02; 12 hours: 7.27±0.02 vs. 7.38±0.02, 7.39±0.02, 7.35±0.01; all P < 0.05). After fluid resuscitation, blood Cl - levels at 3, 6, and 12 hours in the NS group were significantly higher than those in the LR, AR and SPMCG groups (mmol/L: 113.4±0.6 vs. 101.4±3.6, 108.0±1.1, 106.0±0.8 at 3 hours; 115.1±2.0 vs. 101.1±2.7, 109.0±2.2, 105.3±0.6 at 6 hours; 116.9±0.1 vs. 104.2±4.4, 107.6±1.7, 108.7±0.6 at 12 hours; all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in blood glucose at each time point among the four crystalloid groups. ③ Biomarkers of renal function: blood and urine neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C (Cys C) were significantly increased in the model group and four fluid resuscitation groups. After fluid resuscitation, blood, urine NGAL and Cys C decreased. There was no significant difference in blood, urine NGAL and Cys C at all the time points among the different fluid resuscitation groups. Conclusions:In the rabbit model of septic shock induced by Escherichia coli LPS, hyperchloremia and acidosis occurred after NS resucitation, but did not occur during the recovery of LR, AR and SPMCG. There was no difference in the effects of different crystalloid resuscitation on renal function in septic shock rabbits.