Objective The paper is an attentative effort to evaluate the reaction and mechanism of estrogen on pregnant rabbits with acute lung injury caused by hemorrhagic shock. Methods Sixty pregnant New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 10 rabbits in each group, namely normal control group (NG group, with anesthesia only), estrogen group (E2G group, with additional estrogen injection at 60 min) and the other four hemorrhagic shock groups underwent hemorrhagic shock (i.e. E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group;mean blood pressure-40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)by phlebotomy for 15 min. After maintenance of the pressure for 45 min, the rabbits were treated with E2(0.37 mg/kg), fructose injection(5%,2 ml/kg), the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases(p38MAPK) inhibitor SB-203580 (2 mg/kg) or E2 plus SB-203580. Tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6) were measured at different time points(0 min, 60 min, 80 min and 260 min), lung tissue methane dicarboxylic aldehyde(MDA) level, lung tissue myeloperoxidase(MOP), superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity, lung tissue dry weight/wet weight (DW/WW) value were measured after the experiment was finished, pulmonary pathology of the rabbits was observed. Result (1) Serum TNF-α level of NG group and E2SG group were not significantly different compared with the other four groups at the 0 min and 60 min. At 80 min and 260 min of experiment, serum TNF-αlevel of all the four shock groups were increased, E2SG group [(172.4±16.0) and (216.7±18.6) ng/L], FSG group [(171.6 ± 9.1) and (263.9 ± 7.8) ng/L], SBSG group [(172.8 ± 7.2) and (300.6 ± 4.8) ng/L], E2SBSG group [(167.9±4.8 )and (261.8±9.6) ng/L], and significantly higher than NG group and E2G group, separately (P<0.05). (2) Serum IL-6 level of NG group and E2SG group were not significantly different compared with the other four groups at the 0 min, 60 min and 80 min. At 260 min, the serum IL-6 level[(98.3 ± 0.9) and (110.4 ± 1.8) ng/L;(120.9 ± 2.3)and (109.8 ± 2.6) ng/L] of the four shock groups (E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) were significantly higher than NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (3) Lung tissue MDA level [(2.20± 0.12),(2.57±0.11),(3.17±0.08), (2.75±1.09) nmol/mg] and MPO activity [(4.45±0.25),(6.65±0.56),(9.55±0.30), (6.78 ± 0.11) U/mg] of the four shock groups (E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) were higher than NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (4) Lung tissue SOD activity [(51.8 ± 1.8),(40.2 ± 1.5), (30.0 ± 1.7),(41.2 ± 2.0) U/mg] was significantly higher in the four shock groups(E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) compared with NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (5) Lung tissue DW/WW value(0.143 ± 0.008, 0.127 ± 0.008, 0.109 ± 0.006, 0.125 ± 0.008) was significantly lower in the four shock groups(E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) compared with NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (6) Lung tissue of the rabbits in NG group and E2G group is basically normal without obvious pathology changes. Lung tissue pathological damage of rabbits was observed in the four shock groups, and the pathological damage of rabbits in SBSG group was most serious. Conclusion Estrogen can reduce acute lung injury of pregnant rabbits with hemorrhagic shock, the p38MAPK pathway plays a critical role in mediating the salutary effects of E2 on shock-induced acute lung injury.

Objective To investigate the effect of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on the pathogenesis of preeclampsia disease,by detecting the expression of PEDF in the placentas,as well as the relationship between PEDF and the production of placental vessels.Methods A study was performed in 60 cases of pregnant women with preeclampsia in the obstetrical department of Nanfang Hospital affiliated to southern medical university from October 2011 to January 2013,in which 30 cases were patients with mild preeclampsia(mPE) and other 30 cases were those with severe preeclampsia (sPE).40 normal pregnant women who also been hospitalized and delivered were selected as control group.The expression of PEDF and micro-vessel density (MVD) in placentas were assayed by using western blot and SP immunohistochemical method,then the relationship between PEDF and MVD was analyzed.Results (1) The pathological changes of placentas:the placental weight were lightened obviously in the mild preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia groups,the reduced blood vessels and luminal stegnosis were found in chorionic villus,basement membrane of trophocytes were thickening.The hyperplasia syneytiotrophoblast were like nodosity,with focus infarction,fibrinoid necrosis,or thrombogenesis.While there was no the above mentioned pathological alteration in normal control group.(2)The levels of PEDF expression in mild and severe preeclampsia group were 0.63 ± 0.09,0.93 ± 0.07,while 0.47 ± 0.04 in control group,which in mild and sever preeclampsia groups were significantly higher than that in normal group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared to mild preeclampsia group,the expression of PEDF was significantly increased in severe preeclampsia group,there was statistical significance between the difference (P ＜ 0.05).(3) The amount of microvessel density (MVD) in mild and severe preeclampsia group were 106 ±9,93 ±8,while 136 ±9 in control group,which were significantly reduced in mild and severe preeclampsia group,compared to that in normal control group (P ＜ 0.05).And it was significantly lower in severe preeclampsia group than that in mild preeclampsia group (P ＜ 0.05).(4) The expression of PEDF was negatively correlated with the amount of MVD in mild and severe preeclampsia group (r =-0.426,P ＜ 0.05 ; and r =-0.646,P ＜ 0.05 respectively),which was also negative in control group (r =-0.589,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Increased PEDF expression in placentas of women with preeclampsia induce the dysfunction of the placental vascular reconstruction and the pathological alteration like ischemic and hypoxia in placentas,which may be involved in pathogenesis and pathogenic progress of preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of estrogen on renal function of pregnant rabbits with hemorrhagic shock.

METHODSForty pregnant New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into 4 groups, namely normal control group (NG group, with anesthesia only), estrogen group (E2 group, with additional estrogen injection at 60 min), estrogen-hemorrhagic shock (E2SG) group and fructose-hemorrhagic shock (FSG) group. In the latter two groups, the rabbits were subjected to phlebotomy for 15 min to induce hemorrhagic shock with a blood pressure of 40 mmHg; after maintenance of the pressure for 45 min, intravenous injections of estrogen or fructose were given before resuscitation 20 min later. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) concentration were measured at different time points and renal pathology of the rabbits was observed.

RESULTSNo significant differences were founding serum BUN and Cr levels between NG and E2G groups during the experiment. In FSG and E2SG groups, serum BUN level began to increase at 80 min after hemorrhagic shock and was significantly higher in FSG group (P<0.05); serum Cr level increased progressively from the start of the experiment and began to decrease at 60 min, with a faster rate of reduction in E2SG group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONEstrogen can effectively lower serum BUN and Cr levels and ameliorate renal pathologies to offer protective effect in pregnant rabbits against hemorrhagic shock.

Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Estrogens ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Kidney ; drug effects ; pathology ; Pregnancy ; Rabbits ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; pathology ; physiopathology