There are a wide variety of gastrointestinal microbiota, and the total number of bacteria reached 100 trillion. The flora interacts with the human body, and has a great impact on human health. In recent years, the relationship between intestinal flora and human diseases has become a hot research at home and abroad. Many studies have shown that intestinal microbiome plays an important role in modulating risk of multiple systemic diseases, including digestive system diseases, metabolic diseases, neuropsychiatric diseases, immune-related diseases and tumors.In this paper, the relationship between intestinal flora and human diseases was reviewed and summarized. The research progress on the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiota and human diseases in recent five years was summarized, which provided new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases.

Objective To determine the effects of two fluid resuscitation strategies on the changes of hemodynamic variables,serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)and interleukin-6 (IL-6)in a clinically relevant model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in pregnant rabbits.Methods Hemorrhagic shock was induced by bleeding via carotied artery,followed by transection of a medium vessel in gestational sac.Experimental design consisted of three phases,shock phase(0-30 min),prehospital phase(30-90 min)and hospital phase(90-180 min).Twenty pregnant rabbits were randomly divided into two groups(n=10/group),aggressive fluid resuscitation group(PNL group)and limited volume resuscitation group(PLH group).In the shock phase,animals were hemorrhaged by blood withdrawal to mean arterial pressure(MAP)of 40-45 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)via carotid artery.In the prehospital phase,a medium vessel in the gestational sac was transected,then the animals in the PNL group and PLH group were resuscitated with 0.9% normal saline(NS)and shed blood to MAP of 80,60 mm Hg respectively.In the hospital phase,bleeding was controlled by surgical intervention and all the animals were reinfused with shed blood and NS to MAP 80 mm Hg.Hemodvnamic variables and respiration rate were monitored and blood samples were collected for TNF-α and IL-6 measurement.and finally subsequent volume resuscitation and survival rate were recorded.Results (1)At 120 min,the respiration rate and heart rate in the animals assigned to PLH group was(66±16)bpm,(235±41)bpm respectively,which were significantly lower than those in PNL group(P＜0.01),while MAP and central venous pressure in the PLH group was(80.4±7.2)mm Hg,(8.0±4.4)cm H2O,respectively,which were significantly higher than those in PNL group(P＜0.01);(2)The serum concentration of TNF-α,IL-6 of all the animals were markedly increased after hemorrhagic shock.and peak at 24 min.The serum concentration of TNF-α,IL-6 in animals assigned to PLH group were(105±67)ng/L,(118±51)ng/L respectively,which were significantly lower than those in PNL group(P＜0.01).The serum concentration of TNF-α,IL-6 in the animals assigned to PLH group were decreased to normal at 480 min;(3)The subsequent blood transfusion volume and NS resuscitation volume in PLH group in prehospital phase were(16.0±2.2)ml,(39.0±5.5)ml respectively,while those in hospital phase were(28.0±6.7)ml,(90.0±7.1)ml respectively,which were significantly lower than those in PNL group(P＜0.05);(4)The 24 and 72 hours survival rate in the animals assigned to PLH group were 100%,90% respectively;which were significantly higher than those in PNL group(P＜0.01).Conclusion Limited volume resuscitation improves thermodynamic changes of pregnant rabbit,attenuates the increase of serum concentration of TNF-α,IL-6,and results in higher survival rate.Limited volume resuscitation is an ideal means for hemorrhagic shock resuscitation in pregnant rabbit.

Objective To investigate the indoor air pollution of chaffy dish restaurant using different kinds of fuels or utensils. Methods The concentration of carbon monoxide (CO),carbon dioxide (CO2) and inhalable particle (IP) were determined 30,60,90,120 and 150 minutes respectively before and after the chaffy dish restaurants were opened in Mar. 2006. Results Before the restaurants were opened,the concentrations of CO and CO2 except IP did not exceed the standard limits. After opened,the concentrations of CO,CO2 and IP in chaffy dish restaurants which use different kinds of fuels or utensils exceed the standard limits in different degrees except the concentration of CO in chaffy dish restaurant using the infrared utensil. The concentration of CO in chaffy dish restaurant that used charcoal as fuel was the highest and more than the standard limits by 7 times. The concentrations of CO,CO2 and IP in chaffy dish restaurants which used the infrared utensil were obviously lower than those in which used the common liquefied gas utensil. The concentration of CO in chaffy dish restaurants which used charcoal as fuel was obviously higher than those used liquefied gas utensils. Conclusion The indoor air pollution of chaffy dish restaurants is extremely severe and it has the potential harm to the health of the customers in restaurants.

Objective:To explore the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis with Graves′disease (GD),through examining the proportion of peripheral of Th17 cells and the plasma levels of Interleukin-17 ( IL-17 ) before and after 131 I or methimazol ( MMI ) treatment with GD patients.Methods:We studied 31 subjects and 30 subjects with GD after 131 I or MMI treatment as 131 I therapy group and MMI therapy group and examined as before treatment (T0 ),one month (T1)and three months (T3)after the treatment.29 age-and sexmatched healthy subjects were enrolled as the healthy control group.The Th17 lymphocytes cells were investigated by flow cytometry analysis.The levels of serum IL-17 were measured by ELISA.Results:The proportion of peripheral Th17 cells and the levels of IL-17 were significantly increased in the T0 group GD patients compared with the control group( P<0.01).In the 131 I therapy group the levels of Th17 cells,IL-17 in T0,T1,T3 decreased gradually,but still higher than in normal group( P<0.01) .But there was no sig-nificant difference in MMI therapy group (P>0.05).The proportion of peripheral Th17 cells had positive relationship with the level of IL-17( r=0.758,P<0.05 ) .Both of them were associated positively with thyroid autoantibodies.Conclusion: Th17 cells, IL-17 are highly expressed in the GD.Th17 cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of GD.In addition,radioactive 131 I may also work on GD via Th17 cells and IL-17.

Vascular calcification is a complex pathological process involving multiple factors.The latest research has confirmed that mitochondria plays an important role in the process of vascular calcification. Inorganic phosphate treatment, oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, power related protein, mitochondrial DNA damage can affect the process of changing the calcification of the arterial by affecting mitochondrial function. So we will review the role of mitochondria in vascular calcification, further study the molecular mechanism of vascular calcification, and provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of new treatment strategies.

Objective:To explore the role CD4+CD45RO+memory T cells in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) by detecting the percentages of CD4+CD45RO+ memory T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in peripheral blood of newly diagnosed HT patients. Methods:53HT patients and 43 matched healthy controls (HC) were included in this study. According to the thyroid functions,HT patients were divided into euthyroid subset(HT-A,n =15) ,subclinical hypothyroidism(HT-B,n=14) and overt hypothyroidism subset (HT-C,n=24). The percentages of CD4+CD45RO+memory T cells in PBMCs,as well as the level of serum IFN-γ and IL-17,and thyroid functions,and the titers of thyroid-specific autoantibodies (TPOAb,TgAb) were respectively detected by flow cytometry,ELISA,and ECLIA. Results:The percentages of CD4+CD45RO+ memory T cells in PBMCs,as well as the level of serum IFN-γ and IL-17,the titers of TPOAb,TgAb were all significantly higher than that in HC(P<0. 01). Bivariate correlation revealed that the percentages of CD4+CD45RO+ memory T cells positively correlated with the level of serum IFN-γ,TPOAb and TgAb(P<0. 01,P=0. 015,P<0. 01) in HT patients. Conclusion:The significant increase of CD4+CD45RO+memory T cells in peripheral blood of patients with HT suggested a role of CD4+CD45RO+ memory T cells in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Objective To study blood type B antigen elimination with α-galactosidase in human liver tissue,and discuss the feasibility of blood type conversion in human liver.Methods The liver specimens from patients with blood type B in liver transplantation were collected,and an in vitro liver perfusion model was established.The in vitro livers were perfused with UW solution +/-α-galactosidase.The effect of enzyme in B antigen of human liver were analyzed by immunofluorescence.Results With UW solution containing α-galactosidase to perfuse the in vitro livers,immunohistochemistry showed the level of blood type B antigen in liver was significantly reduced after hypothermic perfusion and preservation.The B antigen level in 1 h perfusion was reduced to approximate 58％ of this figure prior to perfusion,in 2 h was 10％,and in 4 h was 4％.Among the different intervals,the blood group antigen levels showed significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).In the control group,the blood group antigen levels showed no obvious change on statistical analysis.Conclusions α-galactosidase was effective to clear blood type B antigen in isolated liver tissue.In the experimental group,Although the B antigen did not fall to a undetectable level,liver blood type conversion from B→O remains a promising potential which has been meaningful for related researches on blood type conversion of human organs.

Objective To assess the efficacy,side effects and perinatal outcome of nifedipine compared with other antihypertensives for treating severe preeclampsia in pregnant women. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that comparing nifedipine with other antihypertensives for severe preeclampsia were searched in PubMed,EMBase,Cochrane library,CNKI and VIP database etc( till January 2012).The quality of the included RCTs was evaluated,and Meta-analvsis was performed with Rev Man 5.1software.Results Nine trials were included,involving 386 women in the nifedipine group,and 378 women in other antihypertensives group.Compared with other antihypertensives,nifidepine was associated with greater effective control of blood pressure ( OR =2.65,95％ CI:1.65 -4.25,P ＜0.01 ).There was no clear difference in the time needed to control blood pressure ( W.M D =- 3.64,95％ CI:- 10.90 - 3.61,P =0.32 ).Nifedipine could prolong gestation better than other antihypertensives ( WMD =5.14,95％ CI:3.29-6.99,P ＜0.01 ).There were no clear differences in maternal side effects headache (P =0.28),palpitation ( P =0.06 ),and nausea vomiting ( P =0.28 ).No noticeable difference was found between the two groups in the Apgar score at five minutes ( WMD =- 0.21,95％ CI:- 0.32 - 0.91,P =0.72),neonatal respiratory distress syndrome ( OR =1.24,95％ CI:0.57 - 2.67,P =0.59 ),or perinatal deaths ( OR =0.49,95％ CI:0.22 - 1.11,P =0.09 ).Conclusion Nifedipine is associated with greater effective control of blood pressure and prolongation of gestation,with no additional neonatal respiratory distress syndrome or perinatal deaths,compared with other antihypertensives for women with severe preeclampsia.

Objective To detect the apoptosis of femoral head cartilage cells and to observe the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the tissues of the femoral head,as well as to explore the main pathway for regulating the apoptosis in steroid induced by juvenile rabbit models with avascular necrosis of femoral head.Methods The models with avascular necrosis of the femoral head and the control group model were made in New Zealand infancy albino rabbits induced by glucocorticoid(GC).The immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expressions of Caspase3,Caspase-8,apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (apaf-1),calpain-1 in the femoral heads.Results 1.The integrated optical density(IOD) values of Caspase-3 in GC-induced subgroup,the subgroup that was not induced by GC and control group were 25 142.72 ± 21 528.48,2 069.63 ± 1 096.96 and 301.80 ± 99.66,respectively.The IOD values of Caspase-8 in GC-induced subgroup,the subgroup respectively and the control group were 24 942.63 ± 18 942.99,2 016.31 ± 1 518.70,236.85 ±97.94,respectively.The IOD values of apaf-1 in GC-induced subgroup,the subgroup that was not induced by GC and the control group were 8 5 14.23 ± 6 384.20,1 118.49 ± 1 360.59,95.13 ± 38.05,respectively.The IOD values of calpain-1 in GC-induccd subgroup,the subgroup that was not induced by GC and control group were 9 636.71 ± 9 123.81,1 881.10 ± 3 277.86,126.71 ± 47.35,respectively.The IOD value differences of the Caspase-3 between GC-induced subgroup and the subgroup that was not induced by GC,the control group were extremely significant (H =l 1.470,23.996,P ＜ 0.01).The IOD value differences of the Caspase-8,apaf-1,calpain-1 between GC-induced subgroup and the control group were extremely significant (H =22.178,22.808,13.553,P ＜ 0.01).2.The linear regression analysis results showed that under the joint action of Caspase-8,apaf-1,calpain-1,only the Caspase-8 could significantly predict Caspase-3,and its regression equation regression got significant effect and could explain 40.3％ of the variance;while the regression effects of the apaf-1 and calpain-1 to Caspase-3 were not significant.Conclusion Death receptor pathway might play a major regulation role in the apoptotic process of avascular necrosis.

Objective The paper is an attentative effort to evaluate the reaction and mechanism of estrogen on pregnant rabbits with acute lung injury caused by hemorrhagic shock. Methods Sixty pregnant New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 10 rabbits in each group, namely normal control group (NG group, with anesthesia only), estrogen group (E2G group, with additional estrogen injection at 60 min) and the other four hemorrhagic shock groups underwent hemorrhagic shock (i.e. E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group;mean blood pressure-40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)by phlebotomy for 15 min. After maintenance of the pressure for 45 min, the rabbits were treated with E2(0.37 mg/kg), fructose injection(5%,2 ml/kg), the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases(p38MAPK) inhibitor SB-203580 (2 mg/kg) or E2 plus SB-203580. Tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6) were measured at different time points(0 min, 60 min, 80 min and 260 min), lung tissue methane dicarboxylic aldehyde(MDA) level, lung tissue myeloperoxidase(MOP), superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity, lung tissue dry weight/wet weight (DW/WW) value were measured after the experiment was finished, pulmonary pathology of the rabbits was observed. Result (1) Serum TNF-α level of NG group and E2SG group were not significantly different compared with the other four groups at the 0 min and 60 min. At 80 min and 260 min of experiment, serum TNF-αlevel of all the four shock groups were increased, E2SG group [(172.4±16.0) and (216.7±18.6) ng/L], FSG group [(171.6 ± 9.1) and (263.9 ± 7.8) ng/L], SBSG group [(172.8 ± 7.2) and (300.6 ± 4.8) ng/L], E2SBSG group [(167.9±4.8 )and (261.8±9.6) ng/L], and significantly higher than NG group and E2G group, separately (P<0.05). (2) Serum IL-6 level of NG group and E2SG group were not significantly different compared with the other four groups at the 0 min, 60 min and 80 min. At 260 min, the serum IL-6 level[(98.3 ± 0.9) and (110.4 ± 1.8) ng/L;(120.9 ± 2.3)and (109.8 ± 2.6) ng/L] of the four shock groups (E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) were significantly higher than NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (3) Lung tissue MDA level [(2.20± 0.12),(2.57±0.11),(3.17±0.08), (2.75±1.09) nmol/mg] and MPO activity [(4.45±0.25),(6.65±0.56),(9.55±0.30), (6.78 ± 0.11) U/mg] of the four shock groups (E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) were higher than NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (4) Lung tissue SOD activity [(51.8 ± 1.8),(40.2 ± 1.5), (30.0 ± 1.7),(41.2 ± 2.0) U/mg] was significantly higher in the four shock groups(E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) compared with NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (5) Lung tissue DW/WW value(0.143 ± 0.008, 0.127 ± 0.008, 0.109 ± 0.006, 0.125 ± 0.008) was significantly lower in the four shock groups(E2SG, FSG, SBSG, E2SBSG group) compared with NG group and E2G group (P<0.05). (6) Lung tissue of the rabbits in NG group and E2G group is basically normal without obvious pathology changes. Lung tissue pathological damage of rabbits was observed in the four shock groups, and the pathological damage of rabbits in SBSG group was most serious. Conclusion Estrogen can reduce acute lung injury of pregnant rabbits with hemorrhagic shock, the p38MAPK pathway plays a critical role in mediating the salutary effects of E2 on shock-induced acute lung injury.