PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop safety education programs in elementary school. METHOD: Analysis is made based on textbooks for 1st-6th-grade elementary school students published by Korea Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development. RESULTS: 1) Among the textbooks. only , , , and courses dealt with safety education. 2) The contents of safety education included traffic safety, water safety, indoor and outdoor safety, fire, emergency measures, misuse and abuse of drug, smoking, toy safety, sports safety, leasure safety and disasters. However, the contents were theoretical, fragmentary, local and limited. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the consents of safety education must be strengthened, and more practical and more behavior-oriented in consideration of activities.
Disasters ; Education* ; Emergencies ; Fires ; Humans ; Korea ; Play and Playthings ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Sports ; Staff Development

Objectives: There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of lifestyle changes on cardiovascular events and mortality among individuals with prehypertension or prediabetes. Methods: This was a serial retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort. The primary outcome considered in the study was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: A higher risk of MACE was found in men with prehypertension whose unhealthy lifestyle deteriorated (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.23; P=0.004), those who gained weight (HR, 1.15;95% CI, 1.03–1.28; P=0.010), and those who began smoking (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P<0.001).Conversely, a reduced risk of MACE was observed in men with prehypertension who improved their unhealthy lifestyle, quit smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, or increased the frequency of physical activity. In men with prediabetes, the risk of MACE was higher in those whose unhealthy lifestyle worsened (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12–1.35; P<0.001), those who gained weight (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.33; P=0.003), those who started smoking (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.22–1.64; P<0.001), and those who decreased their physical activity frequency (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.35; P<0.001). Conclusion Preventive lifestyle changes reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, particularly in men at risk of developing hypertension or type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of lifestyle changes on cardiovascular events and mortality among individuals with prehypertension or prediabetes. Methods: This was a serial retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort. The primary outcome considered in the study was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: A higher risk of MACE was found in men with prehypertension whose unhealthy lifestyle deteriorated (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.23; P=0.004), those who gained weight (HR, 1.15;95% CI, 1.03–1.28; P=0.010), and those who began smoking (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P<0.001).Conversely, a reduced risk of MACE was observed in men with prehypertension who improved their unhealthy lifestyle, quit smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, or increased the frequency of physical activity. In men with prediabetes, the risk of MACE was higher in those whose unhealthy lifestyle worsened (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12–1.35; P<0.001), those who gained weight (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.33; P=0.003), those who started smoking (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.22–1.64; P<0.001), and those who decreased their physical activity frequency (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.35; P<0.001). Conclusion Preventive lifestyle changes reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, particularly in men at risk of developing hypertension or type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of lifestyle changes on cardiovascular events and mortality among individuals with prehypertension or prediabetes. Methods: This was a serial retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort. The primary outcome considered in the study was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: A higher risk of MACE was found in men with prehypertension whose unhealthy lifestyle deteriorated (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.23; P=0.004), those who gained weight (HR, 1.15;95% CI, 1.03–1.28; P=0.010), and those who began smoking (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P<0.001).Conversely, a reduced risk of MACE was observed in men with prehypertension who improved their unhealthy lifestyle, quit smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, or increased the frequency of physical activity. In men with prediabetes, the risk of MACE was higher in those whose unhealthy lifestyle worsened (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12–1.35; P<0.001), those who gained weight (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.33; P=0.003), those who started smoking (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.22–1.64; P<0.001), and those who decreased their physical activity frequency (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.35; P<0.001). Conclusion Preventive lifestyle changes reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, particularly in men at risk of developing hypertension or type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of lifestyle changes on cardiovascular events and mortality among individuals with prehypertension or prediabetes. Methods: This was a serial retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort. The primary outcome considered in the study was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: A higher risk of MACE was found in men with prehypertension whose unhealthy lifestyle deteriorated (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.23; P=0.004), those who gained weight (HR, 1.15;95% CI, 1.03–1.28; P=0.010), and those who began smoking (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P<0.001).Conversely, a reduced risk of MACE was observed in men with prehypertension who improved their unhealthy lifestyle, quit smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, or increased the frequency of physical activity. In men with prediabetes, the risk of MACE was higher in those whose unhealthy lifestyle worsened (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12–1.35; P<0.001), those who gained weight (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.33; P=0.003), those who started smoking (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.22–1.64; P<0.001), and those who decreased their physical activity frequency (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.35; P<0.001). Conclusion Preventive lifestyle changes reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, particularly in men at risk of developing hypertension or type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of lifestyle changes on cardiovascular events and mortality among individuals with prehypertension or prediabetes. Methods: This was a serial retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort. The primary outcome considered in the study was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: A higher risk of MACE was found in men with prehypertension whose unhealthy lifestyle deteriorated (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.23; P=0.004), those who gained weight (HR, 1.15;95% CI, 1.03–1.28; P=0.010), and those who began smoking (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P<0.001).Conversely, a reduced risk of MACE was observed in men with prehypertension who improved their unhealthy lifestyle, quit smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, or increased the frequency of physical activity. In men with prediabetes, the risk of MACE was higher in those whose unhealthy lifestyle worsened (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12–1.35; P<0.001), those who gained weight (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.33; P=0.003), those who started smoking (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.22–1.64; P<0.001), and those who decreased their physical activity frequency (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.35; P<0.001). Conclusion Preventive lifestyle changes reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, particularly in men at risk of developing hypertension or type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Although a few previous studies have analyzed the role of reduced lung function in predicting atrial fibrillation (AF), the relationship between the incidence of AF and comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unclear. We hypothesized that COPD is associated with the occurrence of new-onset AF and clinical outcomes in AF patients. METHODS: We analyzed the development of new-onset AF in 501,668 patients without AF and clinical outcomes in 4,541 patients with AF using Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC). RESULTS: Comorbid COPD was found in 4.8% (11,442 of 501,668) of non-AF patients and 18.6% (820 of 4,541) of AF patients. The incidence of AF in COPD patients was significantly higher compared to non-COPD patients (2.6% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.001) over the follow-up period (45.5±14.9 months). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, COPD predicted higher risk of AF independently from other risk factors (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.25-1.60, p < 0.001). The allcause mortality of AF patients with COPD was significantly higher in patients who used b-blockers (20.6% vs 13.1% during follow-up, p < 0.008). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that COPD is still an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality (HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03–1.51, p=0.022), and stroke (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.00–1.41, p=0.039). CONCLUSION: The presence of COPD is an independent risk factor for new-onset AF. COPD is independently associated with all-cause mortality and stroke in AF patients.
Atrial Fibrillation* ; Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lung ; Mortality* ; National Health Programs ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive* ; Risk Factors ; Stroke

Left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion can be employed as an alternative treatment to oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation to prevent embolic events. Atrial septal defect (ASD) may be related with right heart dysfunction and allow paradoxical embolism to occur. However, occlusion of both LAA through atrial access with ostium secundum ASD and ASD in the same setting is unusual. Therefore, we report a case in which a LAA and an ASD was sequentially occluded.
Atrial Appendage* ; Atrial Fibrillation ; Embolism, Paradoxical ; Heart ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial* ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of niacin on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in patients with high level of lipoprotein (Lp) (a). METHODS: Patients at low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol goal but with Lp (a) >25 mg/dL and mean carotid IMT >0.75 mm were included. Eligible patients were randomized at a 1:2 ratio into one of two groups for 24 months: control or 1,500 mg extended release niacin. The primary study outcomes were the percentage changes in mean and maximal carotid IMT. The percentage change in lipid profiles including Lp (a) was analyzed as a secondary study outcome. RESULTS: Among 96 randomized patients, 31 completed the study (mean age: 65 years; male: 44%). At follow-up, the percentage change in mean carotid IMT was not significantly different between the two groups (−1.4%±15.5% and −1.1%±7.3% in the control and niacin groups, respectively, p=0.95). The percentage change in maximal carotid IMT was also similar in the two groups (0.7%±16.5% and −4.4%±11.6%, respectively, p=0.35). Elevation of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol tended to be higher in the niacin group (p=0.07), and there was a significant difference in the percentage change in hemoglobin A1c between the two groups (−1.9%±2.2% and 3.3%±6.7%, respectively, p=0.02). Reduction of Lp (a) was greater in the niacin-treated group compared to placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Treatment with niacin for two years did not inhibit the progression of carotid intima-media thickening in patients with high Lp (a) level. However, this study may have been underpowered to evaluate the primary study outcome.
Arteries ; Carotid Artery Diseases ; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lipoprotein(a) ; Lipoproteins ; Male ; Niacin