The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of safety education program in preschool children for accident prevention and improve their health through more systematic method. Data were collected from 584 preschoolers(247 preschooler are assigned to experimental group and 337 preschoolers are assinged to control group) from 4 to 6 years old using APP paper test which consists of questions and drawings. To experimental group, safety education were done 4 times within the time of 30 minutes per 1 time using education books, drawings, OHP. The findings of this study are as follows: 1.There were significant difference in movement( X2=18.732, p=.0000), behavioral character( X2=27.785, p=.000), synthetic judgement( X2=12.02, p=0.002). So, safety education program have effect on preschooler. 2.In the accident proneness on preschooler between experimental group and control group according to general characteristics, it proved significant difference in the case of accident prevention education were done, reasoning power( X2=10.48, p=.005), movement speed( X2=7.341, p=.025) and behavioral character( X2=18.86, p=.000), in the case of housing pattern is private house(individual house, yard?), reasoning power( X2=6.683, p=.035), movement speed( X2=12.76, p= .002) and behavioral character( X2=12.24, p=.002), in the case of housing pattern is mixed-type, movement speed( X2=6.935, p= .031) and behavioral character( X2=10.816, p=.004), in the case of housing pattern is over six stories, movement speed( X2=7.543, p=.023), in the case of subjects' age is 4 years old, movement speed( X2=16.5, p= .000) and behavioral character( X2=12.18, p=.002), in the case of subjects' age is 5 years old, movement speed( X2=7.519, p= .023), watchfulness( X2=6.372, p=.041), behavioral character( X2=14.74, p=0.001) and synthetic judgement( X2=14.5, p=.001), in the case of subjects' sex is male, life safety( X2=6.406, p=.041), movment speed( X2=22.86, p= .000), behavioral character( X2=13.72, p= .001) and synthetic judgement( X2=13.82, p=.001), in the case of subjects' sex is female, reasoning power( X2=12.57, p=.002) and behavioral character( X2=13.16, p= .001), in the case of childrens have past accidental experience, traffic safety( X2= 6.683, p=.035), in the case of childrens have no past accidental experience, reasoning power( X2=8.384, p=.015), movement speed( X2=20.6, p=.000), behavioral character( X2 =25.1, p=.000) and synthetic judgement( X2 =10.79, p=.005), in the case of children's order is first, reasoning power( X2=11.15, p=.004), movement speed( X2=11.92, p= .003) and behavioral character( X2=7.003, p=.030), in the case of children's order is second, movement speed( X2=6.694, p= .035), behavioral character( X2=26.9, p= .000) and synthetic judgement( X2=14.3, p= .001), in the case of nuclear family, reasoning power( X2=8.777, p=.012), movement speed( X2=19.0, p=.000), behavioral character ( X2=26.4, p=0.000) and synthetic judgement ( X2=9.999, p=.007), in the case of mothers' school career is under high school graduate, life safety( X2=8.023, p=.018), movement speed( X2=10.99, p=.004) and behavioral character( X2=6.777, p=.034), in the case of mothers' school career is beyond college graduate, reasoning power( X2=6.717, p= .035), movement speed( X2=8.963, p=.011), behavioral character( X2=25.03, p=.000) and synthetic judgement( X2=15.19, p=.001), in the case of mothers' age ranged 31-34, movement speed( X2=12.29, p=.002) and behavioral character( X2=14.17, p=.001), in the case of mothers' age ranged 35-39, movement speed( X2=9.859, p=.007), behavioral character( X2=9.095, p=.011) and synthetic judgement( X2=7.810, p=.020), in the case of mothers' age is over 40, life safety( X2 =5.593, p=.025), in the case of mothers' job is full-time, traffic safety( X2=6.032, p=.049) and reasoning power( X2=8.502, p= .014), in the case of mothers' job is part- time., movement speed( X2=10.99, p=.004) and behavioral character( X2=7.895, p= .019), in the case of mothers have no job, movement speed( X2=6.410, p=.041), movement stability( X2=6.879, p=.032), behavioral character( X2=27.72, p=.000) and synthetic judgement( X2=18.11, p=.000). The difference of accident proneness between experimental group and control group according to general characterists, it also showed that there were significant difference in behaviorl character compared to other area.. From this findings, we can guess that safety education program change and guide preschoolers' behavioral character to desirable direction.
Accident Prevention ; Accident Proneness ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Education* ; Female ; Housing ; Humans ; Male ; Mothers ; Nuclear Family ; Child Health

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to investigate the school nutrition teachers' perception on their job and to find out recommendations needed for its improvement in order to provide a quality foodservice and nutrition education at schools. METHODS: A total of 219 school nutrition teachers in Seoul were surveyed using self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: The perceived importance of the 16 job duties was rated 3.8 based on a 5-point scale (1: very unimportant - 5: very important). The importance of six duties including nutrition management, production management, nutrition education, and food safety management were rated over 4 point but that of record-keeping for documents, official reporting, and service management was rated the lowest. Importance-Performance Analysis showed that nutrition management, receiving/storage management, production management, menu management, food safety management, and equipment/facilities management should be emphasized to maintain the current performance of duties. The performance of the nutrition education and counseling needed to be improved since the importance scores were greater than average but the performance scores were lower than the average. Official reporting and miscellaneous jobs were rated the highest for simplification need. More than half of the respondents agreed that equipment/facilities management, miscellaneous jobs, service staff supervision, and service line supervision could be allocated to other school departments. CONCLUSIONS: School nutrition teachers should invest more time and resources on their core job duties such as nutrition management, production management, food safety management, and nutrition education for providing quality foodservice and nutrition education. To reflect the environmental changes of school foodservice, a reasonable staffing index of school nutrition teachers needs to be developed. In addition, hiring an assistant or implementing school nutrition teacher internship programs can be useful to reduce workloads of the nutrition teachers.
Counseling ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Food Safety ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Organization and Administration ; Seoul*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop safety education programs in elementary school. METHOD: Analysis is made based on textbooks for 1st-6th-grade elementary school students published by Korea Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development. RESULTS: 1) Among the textbooks. only , , , and courses dealt with safety education. 2) The contents of safety education included traffic safety, water safety, indoor and outdoor safety, fire, emergency measures, misuse and abuse of drug, smoking, toy safety, sports safety, leasure safety and disasters. However, the contents were theoretical, fragmentary, local and limited. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the consents of safety education must be strengthened, and more practical and more behavior-oriented in consideration of activities.
Disasters ; Education* ; Emergencies ; Fires ; Humans ; Korea ; Play and Playthings ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Sports ; Staff Development

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrition quotient (NQ) by gender and understand which factors influence NQ in preschool children. METHODS: Subjects were 245 children (110 boys, 135 girls) aged 4-6 years and their parents. The questionnaire composed of demographic characteristics, eating behavior factors and the NQ questions. The NQ consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items and all items were grouped into 5 factors: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. Inbody J05, a measurement device that measures individual's body composition was used to measure children's anthropometric data. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 20) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by Student t-test, chi2-test, One-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. RESULTS: The total NQ score of the subjects was 65.3. The NQ score of girls (67.0) was significantly higher than that of the boys (63.2) (p<0.01). The girls' average scores of NQ factors including diversity (p<0.01) and practice (p<0.05) were higher than those of the boys. The analysis of related-factors influencing NQ scores showed that there was a significant difference among the groups according to feeding methods during infancy (p<0.05), breast feeding group being the highest. Furthermore, the NQ score showed a significant difference depending on how to correct children's unbalanced diet as well as parents' nutrition knowledge. The NQ score of obesity group tended to be lower than that of underweight group although there was no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Overall results indicated that the girls had better quality of diet and eating habits than the boys. Children and their parents need proper nutrition education and counseling to correct children's eating habits and to improve diet quality in kindergartens and in children care centers.
Body Composition ; Breast Feeding ; Checklist ; Child ; Child, Preschool* ; Counseling ; Diet ; Eating ; Education ; Feeding Behavior ; Feeding Methods ; Female ; Humans ; Obesity ; Parents ; Thinness

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the results of a meta-analysis of impulsivity variables related to self-destructive behavior of South Korean adolescents. Methods: A meta-analysis was carried out according to the Cochrane guidelines criteria and the quality of the studies was evaluated using the JBI checklist. 2,333 studies were collected through the databases of RISS, KISS, and DBpia on ‘impulsivity’ published from 2000 to 2020.Self-destructive behavior-related variables were largely categorized into three areas (addiction, violence, and delinquency), and six subgroups. Results: Using the correlations with impulsivity in the final 53 papers, 231 self-destructive behavior-related variables were identified. The social delinquency showed the closest relationship with impulsivity (ES=0.34, 95% CI: 0.23~0.43, p<.001), followed by addictive behavior (ES=0.28, 95% CI: 0.24~0.32, p<.001), personal delinquency (ES=0.28, 95% CI: 0.23~0.32, p<.001), violence against others, violence against self, and substance addiction. These effects were identified as ranging from magnitudes of 0.23 to 0.27 based on the criteria of Cohen. Conclusion To improve the reliability of the results of meta-analysis, more studies on the impulsivity of adolescents should be carried o

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to describe health in optimal fitness (HOF) in young children born prematurely and to analyze factors affecting HOF in health status, investment resources, and anthropological values, based on HOF theory. METHODS: A case-control study of 76 children with preterm births (PTB) was conducted at 24 to 42 months of corrected age. Their HOF status was evaluated based on height, weight, head circumference, and the Korean-Bayley Scale of Infant Development-II and classified as either HOF-achieved or HOF-uncertain in the domain of growth, development, and all together. RESULTS: For growth, development, and all, 26.3%, 27.6%, and 47.4% of children, respectively, belonged to the HOF-uncertain group. Logistic regression analysis showed that longer length of hospital stay (≥21days; OR=7.8; 95% CI [1.5, 40.5]), worse scores on the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) (≥38; OR=0.1; 95% CI [0.0, 0.4]), having a working mother, (OR=5.7; 95% CI [1.2, 27.6]), and an older mother (≥35 years; OR=8.8; 95% CI [2.1, 37.3]) were statistically significant contributors of HOF-uncertain in the domain of all. CONCLUSION: Findings show that young children born prematurely with prolonged stays in a neonatal intensive care unit and insufficient socioeconomic resources at home are more likely to exhibit delayed growth and development.
Case-Control Studies ; Child* ; Growth and Development ; Head ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Investments ; Length of Stay ; Logistic Models ; Mothers ; Premature Birth

Objectives: There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of lifestyle changes on cardiovascular events and mortality among individuals with prehypertension or prediabetes. Methods: This was a serial retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort. The primary outcome considered in the study was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: A higher risk of MACE was found in men with prehypertension whose unhealthy lifestyle deteriorated (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.23; P=0.004), those who gained weight (HR, 1.15;95% CI, 1.03–1.28; P=0.010), and those who began smoking (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P<0.001).Conversely, a reduced risk of MACE was observed in men with prehypertension who improved their unhealthy lifestyle, quit smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, or increased the frequency of physical activity. In men with prediabetes, the risk of MACE was higher in those whose unhealthy lifestyle worsened (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12–1.35; P<0.001), those who gained weight (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.33; P=0.003), those who started smoking (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.22–1.64; P<0.001), and those who decreased their physical activity frequency (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.35; P<0.001). Conclusion Preventive lifestyle changes reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, particularly in men at risk of developing hypertension or type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of lifestyle changes on cardiovascular events and mortality among individuals with prehypertension or prediabetes. Methods: This was a serial retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort. The primary outcome considered in the study was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: A higher risk of MACE was found in men with prehypertension whose unhealthy lifestyle deteriorated (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.23; P=0.004), those who gained weight (HR, 1.15;95% CI, 1.03–1.28; P=0.010), and those who began smoking (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P<0.001).Conversely, a reduced risk of MACE was observed in men with prehypertension who improved their unhealthy lifestyle, quit smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, or increased the frequency of physical activity. In men with prediabetes, the risk of MACE was higher in those whose unhealthy lifestyle worsened (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12–1.35; P<0.001), those who gained weight (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.33; P=0.003), those who started smoking (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.22–1.64; P<0.001), and those who decreased their physical activity frequency (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.35; P<0.001). Conclusion Preventive lifestyle changes reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, particularly in men at risk of developing hypertension or type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of lifestyle changes on cardiovascular events and mortality among individuals with prehypertension or prediabetes. Methods: This was a serial retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort. The primary outcome considered in the study was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: A higher risk of MACE was found in men with prehypertension whose unhealthy lifestyle deteriorated (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.23; P=0.004), those who gained weight (HR, 1.15;95% CI, 1.03–1.28; P=0.010), and those who began smoking (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P<0.001).Conversely, a reduced risk of MACE was observed in men with prehypertension who improved their unhealthy lifestyle, quit smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, or increased the frequency of physical activity. In men with prediabetes, the risk of MACE was higher in those whose unhealthy lifestyle worsened (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12–1.35; P<0.001), those who gained weight (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.33; P=0.003), those who started smoking (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.22–1.64; P<0.001), and those who decreased their physical activity frequency (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.35; P<0.001). Conclusion Preventive lifestyle changes reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, particularly in men at risk of developing hypertension or type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of lifestyle changes on cardiovascular events and mortality among individuals with prehypertension or prediabetes. Methods: This was a serial retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort. The primary outcome considered in the study was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: A higher risk of MACE was found in men with prehypertension whose unhealthy lifestyle deteriorated (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.23; P=0.004), those who gained weight (HR, 1.15;95% CI, 1.03–1.28; P=0.010), and those who began smoking (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P<0.001).Conversely, a reduced risk of MACE was observed in men with prehypertension who improved their unhealthy lifestyle, quit smoking, reduced alcohol consumption, or increased the frequency of physical activity. In men with prediabetes, the risk of MACE was higher in those whose unhealthy lifestyle worsened (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12–1.35; P<0.001), those who gained weight (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.33; P=0.003), those who started smoking (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.22–1.64; P<0.001), and those who decreased their physical activity frequency (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.35; P<0.001). Conclusion Preventive lifestyle changes reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, particularly in men at risk of developing hypertension or type 2 diabetes.