School bullying, the most prevalent type of school violence, is known to be related to various behavioral, emotional, and social problems both in victims and perpetrators. The purpose of the present study was to review available reports on school bullying in Korea and other countries, and author's two recently conducted epidemiological studies in a Korean community sample of elementary and middle school students. Among a total of 532 students of 4th to 6th graders of two elementary schools, 44.4% of students experienced school bullying. Children who were involved with school bullying reported impaired quality and satisfaction of friendship. Social immaturity, withdrawal, inattention-passivity, conduct problems, aggression, and male gender were associated with both victims and perpetrators of school bullying. In a 8-month prospective study of two middle schools, the prevalence of school bullying was similar to those in elementary schools (40.9~45.5%). Risks for chronic self-injurious/suicidal behaviors were significantly increased in chronic victims, perpetrators, and victim-perpetrators compared to those who were not involved with school bullying. Additionally, the male gender, first child, and extreme socioeconomic status were identified as environmental risk factors of school bullying. School bullying is very common among Korean elementary and middle school students. Both victims and perpetrators had more significant psychopathology than their counterparts. More active and scientifically tailored intervention and preventive programs are required to decrease school bullying and to provide appropriate assistance for promoting healthy development of Korean students.
Aggression ; Bullying* ; Child ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Friends ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Psychopathology ; Risk Factors ; Social Class ; Social Problems ; Violence

No abstract available.
Kidney Transplantation*

No abstract available.
Kidney Transplantation*

No abstract available.
Nails*

Consecutive twelve patients' twelve eyes with complicated pars planitis underwent pars plana vitrectomy at our center in the period from January 1988 to December 1990. Patients' ages ranged from 24 to 60(mean 39.9)years and all were male. Nine patients had histories of topical or systemic steroid therapy and at the time of surgery, all eyes were quiet from active inflammation. With various degrees of vitreal opacities, five eyes had macular pucker or membrane only and in other seven eyes, retinal detachments of either tractional or tractional-rhegmatogenous origin were arisen. In the later group, macular hole was associated in two eyes. Surgical procedures combined were membrane peeling(five eyes), scleral buckling(ten eyes), fluid/air-gas exchange(eight eyes), lensectomy(two eyes) and photocoagulation(two eyes). During the follow-up period ranged from four to twenty-one(mean 7.75)months after first operations, the uveitis recurred or continued to be activated in four eyes and as a complication, retinal detachment occurred in two eyes which had macular pucker only preoperatively. One refused reoperation and the other was reattached successfully by second operation. Final visual acuities were improved in eight eyes, stationary in one and worsen in three. The causes of worsen vision were retinal detachment, macular edema and macular slanting by buckle respectively. Preoperatively, the majority of eyes(10 eyes: 84%) had less than 0.09 vision and postoperative vision turned over better than 0.09 in 7 eyes(59%). Although we did not confirm extinguished therapeutic effects of vitrectomy on the pars planitis perse, our results revealed some positve role of surgical intervention in the complicated pars planitis.

We provide the reader with a brief introduction to the neurobiology of neuropeptides. Several comprehensive reviews of the distribution and neurochemical. neurophysiological. neuropharmacological and behavioral effects of the major neuropeptides have recently appeared. In reviews of the large number of neuropeptides in brain and their occurance in brain regions thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders, investigators have sought to determine whether alternations in neuropeptide systems are associated with schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, alcoholism and neurodegenerative disease. There is no longer any doubt that neuropeptide-containing are altered in several neuropsychiatric disorders. One of the factors that has hindered neuropeptide research to a considerable extent is the lack of pharmacological agents that specifically alter the synaptic availability of neuropeptides. With the exception of naloxone and naltrexone, the opiate-receptor antagonists, there are few available neuropeptide-receptor antagonists. Two independent classes of neuropeptide-receptor antagonists has been expected to be clinically useful. Naltrexone a potent micro-receptor antagonist has been used successfully to reduce the need for alcohol consumption. And cholecycstokinin antagonists are now in development as a new class of anxiolytics, which would be expected to be free from tolerance and physical dependence and lack of sedation. In this review, we deal with these two kinds of neuropeptide system, the opioid system and cholesystokinins in the brain. The role of opioid systems in the reinforcement after alcohol consumtion and that of cholesystokinins in the pathogenesis of anxiety will be discussed briefly. As we know, the future for neuropeptides in psychiatry remains bright indeed.
Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholism ; Anti-Anxiety Agents ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Brain ; Cholecystokinin* ; Endorphins* ; Humans ; Mood Disorders ; Naloxone ; Naltrexone ; Neurobiology ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neuropeptides* ; Panic ; Research Personnel ; Schizophrenia

No abstract available.
Aminosalicylic Acid* ; Cycloserine* ; Prothionamide* ; Retreatment* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary*

No abstract available.
Diagnosis*

The pathogenicity of Demodex folliculorum (DF) is not well established, becausc this cutaneous parasite can be found very often not only from acneic skin lesions but also on healthy human skin, surface, particularly on sebaceous gland-rich and functionaIly active areas of the skin, i.e. on face, and therefore, the mite has been generally considered as normal inhabitant of human skin. However, as is the case with candidiasis, the parasite could also be pathogenic in the state of disturbed host-para-site relationship. To find out the pathogenicity of the mite, the authors studied the incidence of finding DF from different sites of face in several groups of 60 acneic patients (various types of acne vulgaris and rosacea) and 30 normal subjects as control. And the results obtained were as follows: the mite was found in 33 cases out of the acnei patients (55%), in male patients 67% (12 out of l8) were positive and in fernales 50% (21 out of 42). In the control group of 3O (15 each sex), 17 cases (9 males and 8 females) had thc mite, the incidence rate being 57%, The incidence rate of DF in various types of acneic skin lesions were: 85% in rosacea. 80% in pustular acne 71% in cvstic acne and 32% in papular acne. The distribution of the mite in various sites of the face differed markedly in the acneic and normal groups. In the control group 17 (57 %) were positive on nose, 3 (10%) on cheek, 2 (7%) on chin, and none on the forehead. Among 60 acneic patients, however, 18 (30%) were positive on cheek, 17 (28%) on nose, 15 (25%) on chin 12 (20 %) on forehead. In addition, the acuthors observed two cases of demodicidosis in the dogs. These two dogs were siblings and lived together with other dogs of the same lineage, but the other dogs were not affected. In spite of vigorous treatment with 15 % benzyl benzoate aqueous emulsion and 10 % crotamiton ointment applied topically for two to three weeks, the dogs died within one to two months. Slight improvement only was noted in the first week of the treatment, but the dogs were gradually emaciated, leading to death. At the onset of the disease, both dogs were two to three months old. Histopathological studies of the affected skin revealed dense patchy lymphocytic infiltration predominantly in perifollicular area, follicular keratotic plugging and egg-like materials in the Iumen of hair follicle. Histopathology of the affected canine skin appeared similar to that of human demodicidosis except that the mitelike material was observed lodged in the lumen of hair follicle. The morphology of demodex folliculorum canis seemed slightly different from that of the human strain (DF hominis). It is generally smaller in size and has narrower and shorter stunted abdomen than human strain, otherwise it is almost alike. The human demo3icrdosis can be effectively treated with 15% benzyl benzoate aqueous emulsion, 1% gamma benzene hexachlrode cream and 10 % crotamiton ointment, and it seems to be most effective agent being crotamiton ointment among them. It is suggested that demodex folliculorum, which has been hitherto thought to be harmless, can be pathogenic in certain individuals and that some immunologic factors might be implicated in the process of the demodicidosis.
Abdomen ; Acne Vulgaris ; Animals ; Benzene ; Benzoates ; Candidiasis ; Cheek ; Chin ; Dogs ; Dronabinol ; Forehead ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors ; Incidence ; Male ; Mites ; Nose ; Parasites ; Rosacea ; Siblings ; Skin ; Virulence*

Sensitization to Cenasert®, a broad spectrum antimicrobial for the treatment of leukorrhea, is rare. Perineal contact dermatitis due to vaginal suppositories has never been reported in the medical literature. We report a 31-year-old woman, who developed perineal skin eruptions following the treatment of leukorrhea with Cenasert® vaginal suppositories. Patch tests showed positive reactions to Cenasert® suppositories and to the three active ingredients of Cenasert®. Vaginal suppositories can sensitize not only the vagina but also the surrounding perineum due to leakage of the allergen from the vaginal vault.
Adult ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact* ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Female ; Humans ; Leukorrhea ; Patch Tests ; Perineum ; Skin ; Suppositories* ; Vagina