Clinical observation was done on 302 cases of cerebrovascular accidents admitted at Sung-Sim hospital, Chung-Ang University from January, 1968 to August, 1976. 1) Of 302 cases of cerebrovascular accidents, the incidence of cerebral hemorrhage was 28.8, cerebral thrombosis 47,7 Subarachnoid hemorrhage 20.2% and cerebral embolism 3.3%. 2) The peak age incidence was in the fifth decade in cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, whereas in cerebral thrombosis, it was in the sixth decade. 3) The most frequent predisposing factor in cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage were physical activity and emotional stress, whereas in thrombosis and embolism, it was rest. 4) Among disease preceding the onset of cerebrovascular accidents, hypertension were presented 65.4% in cerebral hemorrhage, 63.6% in cerebral thrombosis, 56.6% in subarachnoid hemorrhage and valvular heart disease was presented 40.0% in cerebral embolism. 5) Serum cholesterol level over 200mg% was seen in 33.0% of cerebrovascular accidents. 6) Leukocytosis was seen 58.6% of cerebrovascular accidents which was predominantly found in the hemorrhagic group. 7) The pressure of cerebrospinal fluid was elevated in 61.7% of cerebrovascular accidents, predominantliny the hemorrhagic group. 8) The peak duration of admission was present in 51.7% of cerebrovascular accidents within 7 days and mortality rate during hospitalization was 38.0% in cerebral hemorrhage, 10.4% in cerebral thrombosis and 27.8% in subarachnoid hemorrhage. 9)The mortality rate during hospitalization was 35.3% in all cerebrlavascular accidents within 24 hours.
Causality ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Cholesterol ; Embolism and Thrombosis ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Hospitalization ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Intracranial Embolism ; Intracranial Thrombosis ; Leukocytosis ; Mortality ; Motor Activity ; Stress, Psychological ; Stroke ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

No abstract available.
Animals ; Rats*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Rats*

Senile entropion remains something of an enigma, with no general agreement as to etiology or best surgical treatment. Little basic research on the problem of senile entropion had been carried out until Dalgleish and Smith inserted metal markers into the various anatomical layers of the lower lid and took lateral rediographs. As the results of their investigations, they showed that surgical intervention should be directed towards the correction of two important features in the etiology of senile entropion-rotation of the tarsal plate and loss of attach ment of skin and orbicularis to the deeper tissues. O'Donoghue and Roden reported that they could be corrected by excising a full-thickness triangle, apex up, from the central part of the lower lid. Three cases of senile entropion and one vase of spastic entropion were treated with the same procedure as O'Donoghue and Roden did except the excision of the redundant skin along the lowere lid margin. The results of our procedure was simple and successful.
Entropion* ; Muscle Spasticity ; Skin

BACKGROUND: Ozone (03) induces airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness which are characteristic features of asthma. There have been few studies observing O3-induced increase in responsiveness of rat airway muscle. Objectives: The aims of this study were to develop an O3-induced nonallergic asthma model using rat tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) and to evaluate the role of airway epithelium on the modulation of muscle responsiveness. METHOD: Five groups of 20 male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were exposed to filtered air including 0.12, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 ppm 03 for 1 hour. Thirty minutes after the exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and isometric contractile responses of the isolated tracheal ring segments to KCI, acetylcholine (ACh), and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were measured. RESULTS: The percent age of neutrophils was significantly higher and that of alveolar macro-phages in BAL fluid was significantly lower in 2.0 ppm O3-exposed rats than in the control. There were no significant differences in the maximal contractile responses of TSM to KC1, ACh, EFS and in the sensitivity to ACh (ACh-EC50) and EFS (EFS-EC50) between the control group and the ozone exposed group. ACh-EC50 and EFS-EC50 were correlated positively with the percent age of neutrophils and inversely with that of macrophages. Removal of epithelium significantly increased the sensitivity to ACh in O3-exposed group, but not in the control group. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that O3 induces neutrophilic airway inflammation, but not an increased sensitivity of TSM to ACh or EFS in SD rats. However, O3-induced epithelial damage may be associated with increased muscle response.
Acetylcholine ; Animals ; Asthma ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Epithelium ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Macrophages ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Neutrophils ; Ozone ; Rats* ; Trachea

Epiretinal membrane formation and membrane contraction are major complications in a variety of ocular conditions, including retinal detachment and penetrating ocular injuries. The epiretinal membrane was derived from pigment epithelial cell and glial cell. In rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, the retinal pigment epithelium was capable of proliferating through retinal tear into the vitreous contributing to preretinal membranes. In this study, we report the ultrastructural features of epiretinal membrane in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment removed during vitreous surgery from 4 patients.
Epiretinal Membrane* ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Membranes ; Neuroglia ; Retinal Detachment* ; Retinal Perforations ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium ; Retinaldehyde*

The orbit has roughly the shape of a quadrilateral pyramid whose base corresponds to the orbital margin, and whose apex is the bar of bone between the optic foramen and the medial end of the superior orbital fissure. The orbital dimensions can be measured by plain X-ray or computed tomography. Plain X-ray of the orbit may be difficult for the non-radiologist to identify the measurement landmarks and interpret, whereas computed tomography allows more precise analysis by imaging soft tissue relationships to surrounding orbital bones. Measurement of the orbital dimensions and proptosis using CT does not only contribute to the diagnosis of specific pathologic processes, but also guide the ophthalmologist in planning appropriate medical and surgical management. One hundred and three orbital CT films of Korean adults were measured. The results were as follows: The average orbital width was 38.09 +/- 2.82mm, orbital height was 35.47 +/- 2.28mm, orbital index was 93.80 +/- 6.70, orbital depth was 42.67 +/- 3.56mm, interorbital distance was 24.97 +/- 2.25mm, extraorbital distance was 97.38 +/- 5.14mm and proptosis was 14.28 +/- 3.49mm.
Adult ; Diagnosis ; Exophthalmos* ; Humans ; Orbit* ; Pathologic Processes

PURPOSE: To compare mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score between glaucoma group and normal control group and to evaluate the correlation between MMSE score and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) values in both groups. METHODS: This prospective study includes thirty glaucoma patients (eleven primary open angle glaucoma and nineteen normal tension glaucoma) and thirty normal controls. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness were measured with SD-OCT, and the average values of both eyes were used. The cognitive function was evaluated with MMSE by a single examiner. RESULTS: The mean MMSE scores of glaucoma group and normal group were 26.07 ± 2.95, and 27.00 ± 1.68 respectively (p = 0.137). MMSE score of less than 24 only showed in glaucoma group. MMSE score and RNFL thickness showed statistically no signifance in correlation (R² = 0.236; p = 0.070), however, MMSE score and GC-IPL showed statistically significant correlation (R² = 0.256; p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma patients tend to show low cognitive function even though the correlation between glaucoma patient and low cognitive function was not statistically significant. Therefore, the aspect of cognitive depression should be concerned, when facing glaucoma patients.
Cognition* ; Depression ; Ganglion Cysts ; Glaucoma* ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; Nerve Fibers ; Prospective Studies ; Retinaldehyde

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal injection on the corneal endothelium according to the injected drug. METHODS: The present study included 118 eyes of 113 patients who received intravitreal injection. Before each injection and 1 month after the injection, specular microscopy was performed to evaluate the corneal endothelial changes and central corneal thickness. We classified the patients according to the injected drug (bevacizumab 21 eyes, ranibizumab 20 eyes, aflibercept 47 eyes, dexamathasone implant 30 eyes), phakic or pseudophakic eyes, single or multiple injections and analyzed them retrospectively. RESULTS: The mean corneal endothelial cell density was 2,693.2 ± 298.2 cells/mm² before injection and 2,686.8 ± 288.7 cells/mm² 1 month after injection, and there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.731). According to the kind of drug, the mean corneal endothelial cell density and central corneal thickness were not significantly different before and 1 month after injection in any of the 4 groups. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant changes in corneal endothelium before and 1 month after intravitreal injection of the various drugs.
Endothelial Cells ; Endothelium, Corneal* ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections* ; Microscopy ; Ranibizumab ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between photoreceptor inner/outer segment (IS/OS) integrity and macular sensitivity after epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography combined with microperimetry. METHODS: 20 eyes of 20 patients with idiopathic ERM who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for ERM removal were prospectively reviewed. The IS/OS defect diameter, BCVA, macular sensitivity, and fixation stability were measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography combined with microperimetry. The correlation of these factors was analyzed. RESULTS: The macular sensitivity improved after successful ERM surgery (p < 0.001), but the IS/OS defect diameter has not improved. The preoperative and postoperative macular sensitivity were negatively correlated with preoperative IS/OS defect diameter (p = 0.035, p = 0.006). The fixation stability was not correlated with preoperative IS/OS defect diameter. CONCLUSIONS: Macular sensitivity showed significant correlation with IS/OS defect diameter. Macular sensitivity is vital functional parameter allows subjective quantification of the retinal function and reflects morphologic changes.
Epiretinal Membrane ; Eye ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Retinaldehyde ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vitrectomy