No abstract available.
Creatinine* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn*

This study was undertaken on 120 healthy primary school children (male 60, female 60), who live in a fishing village, Geo-Mun island, Chulla-Namdo, in order to investigate normal value of red blood cell. Ages of the children were ranged from six years to twelve years. The author cheked the number of red blood cell, hemoglobin level, hematcrit, mean corpuscular volume(MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC). MCV, MCH, and MCHC were calulated by formula of Wintrobe. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The mean value of RBC count was 4,500,000/mm3(range : 3,470,000-5,850,000/mm3) 2. The mean value of hemoglobin level was 12.5gm/dl(range: 11.0~14.0gm/dl). 3. The mean value of hematcrit was 37.0%(range: 32~42%). 4. The mean value of MCV was 83.5 cub. micron(range 71.0~105.3 cub. micron.) 5. The mean value of MCH was 28.3rr(range: 22.2~39.7rr). 6. The mean value of MCHC was 33.8gm/100ml (range: 32.4~35.9/100 ml).
Child* ; Erythrocyte Indices ; Erythrocytes* ; Female ; Humans ; Reference Values*

No abstract available.
Epilepsies, Partial* ; Paragonimiasis*

No abstract available.
Birth Weight* ; Female ; Fetal Heart* ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Parturition* ; Pregnancy

OBJECTIVES: In recent years, school violence has been increasing and this situation is complicated by various factors. The objective of this study is to explore the distribution of the participants' roles and to examine the psychopathology associated with these roles among middle school students. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 490 middle school students completed the Participant Role Questionnaire (PRQ) for classifying the participants' roles in a bullying situation. The Korean-Youth Self Report (K-YSR), Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) and Parent Adolescent Communication Inventory (PACI) were also included to evaluate the psychopathology of the students. RESULTS: The distribution rates of the bully, assistant, reinforcer, defender and outsider groups were 4.1%, 3.1%, 5.3%, 53.7%, and 32.0%, respectively. Among the syndrome scales of K-YSR, almost each items' and the total scores (p=0.049), RCMAS (p=0.000), PACI (p=0.000), and RSE (p=0.000) were significantly different among all group. The average scores on the K-YSR and RCMAS were the highest in the assistant and reinforcer groups. CONCLUSION: The assistant and reinforcer groups showed more severe psychopathologies. This means that they suffered from more difficulties than the other groups. Therefore, they need more intensive therapeutic interventions. Except for the defender group, who prevented bullying, the outsider group was the largest group. Therefore, a comprehensive approach that can change outsiders to defenders should be employed for the prevention of bullying in adolescents.
Adolescent ; Bullying* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Manifest Anxiety Scale ; Parents ; Psychopathology* ; Self Report ; Violence ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA) on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and inflammation in fibrovascular membranes in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fibrovascular membranes from 19 eyes of 18 patients with PDR were studied using immunohistochemistry and analyzed in the following 3 groups; group 1: 4 inactive PDR eyes, group 2: 10 active PDR eyes treated preoperatively with adjunctive intravitreal bevacizumab, group 3: five active PDR eyes not treated preoperatively with bevacizumab. Immunohistochemical staining for VEGF, CD31 and CD68 were done. RESULTS: The immunoreactivity to VEGF and CD 31-positive blood vessels was significantly higher in membranes from group 3 than group 1 (p = 0.007 for VEGF, 0.013 for CD 31-positive vessels). Intravitreal bevacizumab caused a reduction in VEGF expression and vascular densities in 4 out of 10 (40%) excised membranes from eyes with PDR. However, six membranes (60%) in group 2 still demonstrated relatively strong VEGF expression and high vascular density. Infiltration of macrophages was observed in 16 out of the 19 membranes, and the density of macrophages was increased in group 2 compared with group 1 (p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: Intravitreal bevacizumab injections caused some reduction in VEGF expression and vascular densities in a limited number of active PDR patients. A single intravitreal bevacizumab injection may not be enough to induce complete blockage of VEGF and pathologic neovascularization in active PDR patients. Repeated injections, panretinal photocoagulation and/or PPV may be necessary following intravitreal bevacizumab to reinforce the anti-VEGF effect of the drug.
Adult ; Angiogenesis Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use ; Diabetic Retinopathy/*drug therapy/*metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/*metabolism

Recently, water birth - labor and/or delivery under warm water - is acceptable and natural to many foreign countries as a method of gentle birth. Although some limitations after water birth were reported, a recent international conference explored many of the issuses and indicated the potential scale and the advantages for its inclusion among the options for labor and delivery under water. We experienced a case of water birth who underwent labor and delivery under water. She delivered normal healthy female baby without conventional episiotomy. No obstetrical ans fetal complications were observed during entire procedure of water birth. So, we report this case with brief review of the literatures.
Episiotomy ; Female ; Humans ; Parturition*

Currently, there are a few reports on viral coinfection that causes an acute watery diarrhea in Korean children. So, to evaluate the features of coinfectious viral agents in children with acute watery diarrhea, we enrolled 155 children with acute watery diarrhea from July 2005 to June 2006. Fecal samples were collected and evaluated for various viral infections such as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus. The mean (+/-standard deviation) age of the children was 2.71+/-2.37 yr. The detection rate of viral agents was most common in children between the ages of 1 and 3 yr. Rotavirus was detected in 63 children (41.3%), norovirus in 56 (36.2%), adenovirus in 11 (7.1%), and astrovirus in 1 (0.6%). Regarding rotavirus, there were 38 (60.3%) cases with monoinfection and 25 (39.7%) with coinfection. For norovirus, there were 33 (58.9%) cases with monoinfection and 23 (41.1%) with coinfection. Coinfection with rotavirus and norovirus was most common, and occurred in 20/155 cases (12.9%) including coinfection with adenovirus. So, rotavirus and norovirus were the most common coinfectious viral agents in our study population with acute watery diarrhea.
Acute Disease ; Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology ; Astroviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea/epidemiology/*virology ; Feces/virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea/epidemiology ; Norovirus/isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Virus Diseases/complications/*epidemiology/virology

No abstract available.
Hypertension, Pulmonary*

Positive fluid balance is a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients, especially those requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). However, the association between daily fluid balance and various organ impairments remains unclear. This study investigated the impacts of daily fluid balance prior to CRRT on organ dysfunction, as well as mortality in critically ill patients. We identified daily fluid balance between intensive care unit (ICU) admission and CRRT initiation. According to daily fluid balance, the time to CRRT initiation and the rate of organ failure based on the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score were assessed. We recruited 100 patients who experienced CRRT for acute kidney injury. CRRT was initiated within 2 [0, 4] days. The time to CRRT initiation was shortened in proportion to daily fluid balance, even after the adjustment for the renal SOFA score at ICU admission (HR 1.14, P = 0.007). Based on the SOFA score, positive daily fluid balance was associated with respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, and coagulation failure, independent of each initial SOFA score at ICU admission (HR 1.36, 1.26, 1.24 and 2.26, all P < 0.05). Ultimately, we found that positive fluid balance was related with an increase in the rate of 28-day mortality (HR 1.14, P = 0.012). Positive daily fluid balance may accelerate the requirement for CRRT, moreover, it can be associated with an increased risk of multiple organ failure in critically ill patients.
Acute Kidney Injury/*diagnosis/mortality/therapy ; Aged ; Critical Illness/*mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organ Dysfunction Scores ; *Renal Replacement Therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Rate ; Water-Electrolyte Balance/*physiology