There is a high degree of information asymmetry in medical services.Public hospitals are characteristic of the nature of multi-layer principal-agent relationships.Asymmetric information can lead to inconsistent value goals between the principal and the agent,giving birth to the government regulation capture as a result.Such capture ranks a fundamental cause for diluted public welfare nature of public hospitals.To offset such capture at public hospitals calls for reconstruction of government regulation system within the framework of public hospital corporate governance at an institution level.It is also necessary to eliminate the information asymmetry and its negative results,bringing public hospitals back on track to public welfare.

A total of 105 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (male =51,female =54) and 99 normal controls (male =51,female =48) were included into this retrospective case-control study.Childhood trauma questionnaire-28 item short form (CTQ-SF) was used to assess the experience of childhood abuse.The result of binary logistic regression showed that emotional abuse (β =0.630,P ＜ 0.05) and emotional neglect(β =0.270,P ＜ 0.05) were included into the final model of predicting schizophrenia.It indicates that patients with first-episode schizophrenia experienced more early life stress than controls.Particularly emotional abuse and emotional neglect may play important roles in the onset of schizophrenia.

Research on medicinal model organism is one of the core technologies to promote the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The research progress of Salvia miltiorrhiza as medicinal model plant is summarized in this paper. The genome of S. miltiorrhiza is small and its life cycle is short, as well as this plant can be stably genetically transformed. Because S. miltiorrhiza possesses the important medicinal and economic values, recently the transcriptome and genome of S. miltiorrhiza have been significantly recovered. The research prospect of S. miltiorrhiza as medicinal model plant in TCM was discussed, including biosynthesis of active components and their genetic regulation, relationship between quality of TCM and ecological environments, and selective breeding of good quality lines. Furthermore, as medicinal model plant, the construction of mutant library for S. miltiorrhiza, the genome map with high quality, and the functional genome should be investigated. Accompanying modern investigation of life sciences, the platform for medicinal model plant, S. miltiorrhiza, will be promoted to be established. It is important to develop the ethnopharmacology and new drugs around the world.

Transcription factor is one of the key factors in the regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level. It plays an important role in plant growth, active components biosynthesis and response to environmental change. This paper summarized the structure and classification of bHLH transcription factors and elaborated the research progress of bHLH transcription factors which regulate the active components in plants, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. In addition, the possibility of increasing the concentration of active substances by bHLH in medicinal plants was assessed. The paper emphasized great significance of model plants and multidisciplinary research fields including modern genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and bioinformatics, providing the contribution to improve the discovery and function characterization of bHLH transcription factors. Accelerating the research in the mechanism of bHLH transcription factors on the regulation of active components biosynthesis will promote the development of breeding and variety improvement of Chinese medicinal materials, also ease the pressure of resources exhaustion of traditional Chinese medicine home and abroad.

In this study,DNA molecular identification technology and chemical fingerprint method were adopted to evaluate the quality system of precise powder decoction pieces (PPDP) of S.suberectus dunn (SSD).ITS2 sequence was taken as DNA barcode to indentify SSD.Different specifications of PPDP were prepared,their dry extract contents were quantified in contrast with that of original slices.Three batches of SSD original slices were gleaned and the content uniformity,fingerprint and similarity evaluation before and after the mixing and pulverization were valued by HPLC-DAD.As a result,ITS2 successfully and accurately identified the SSD in this study.The extract rate of PPDP was 15.5％,1.11 times as much as the original slices.RSD of inter-assay dissolution of cepicatechin from the original slices was 11.0％,which was reduced to 1.0％ after mixing and preparing into PPDP.The relative peak area of the 14 common peaks identified by fingerpringts were larger,while the RSD values significantly decreased.It was concluded that the PPDP of SSD improved the extraction efficiency and uniformity of the original slices,featuring quite prospective in more reasonable and scientific clinical use.

The cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey) in farmlands,remembered as an eco-friendly model,guaranteed the sustainable development of ginseng industry.In this study,we summarized the soil improvement and technologies of the cultivation of ginseng in farmlands and discussed the strategies,such as physical disinfection,chemical disinfection,fertilization and soil amelioration,and green manure returning fields,for improving the micro-ecological environment of ginseng.Furthermore,the new cuhivars of ginseng were introduced,compared with the cultivation patterns of ginseng between China,Japan and Korea,and strategies for controlling main diseases in the cultivation of ginseng were also involved.In conclusion,this study possessed guiding significance of the cultivation of ginseng in farmlands and laid a foundation for the wholesome development of ginseng industry.

Panax notoginseng (BurK.) F.H.Chen is a traditional Chinese medicinal material with a time-honored history of cultivation.There are a series of problems,such as high pesticide residues,serious disease and pest,and continuous cropping obstacles in the process of the cultivation of notoginseng.Pollution-free cultivation is an effective strategy for the sustainable development of notoginseng industry.We herein summarized three points of the pollution-free cultivation of notoginseng in this review.The standard of lands suitable for the cultivation of notoginseng was established on the basis of the analysis of medicinal plants around global producing areas.The integrated measures of soil improvement were put forward by cfficient rotation and soil disinfection with new varieties breeding combined with the management of water,light and fertilization,and the safe and low-toxic methods of disease and pest control.Additionally,the mode of wild tending should be carried out when the marker-assisted breeding of new varieties was developed,and the platform of comprehensive disease and pest control was founded.Above-mentioned points can effectively perfect and optimize the pollution-free cultivation of notoginseng and promote sustainable development of notoginseng industry.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological, clinical characteristics and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Northeastern Sichuan, and summarize experience in time to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted. Fifty-nine patients with COVID-19 admitted to Bazhong Central Hospital and Dazhou Central Hospital from January 27th to February 9th, 2020 were selected as the subjects. The data of demography, epidemiology, laboratory examination, chest CT and related clinical treatment were collected. According to the severity of the disease, the patients were divided into three types: mild, general and severe types, and the differences of the above indices among different clinical types were compared.Results:① General information and epidemiology: 31 cases (52.5%) were male, 28 cases (47.5%) were female, the average age was (42.0±16.4) years old, and the patients over 40 years old accounted for the largest proportion (35 cases, 59.3%). The proportion of clinical type was 72.9% (43 cases) in general type, and 62.7% (37 cases) were imported type. With the increase of disease severity, the average age of patients also showed a significant increase trend [the age of the mild, general and severe patients were (30.9±13.6), (42.7±15.3), (55.8±18.9) years old, P < 0.01]. The proportion of patients with more than one basic disease in severe patients was significantly higher than those in mild and general patients [66.7% (4/6) vs. 20.0% (2/10), 9.3% (4/43), both P < 0.05]. In the distribution of clinical symptoms, the proportion of severe patients with chest distress/dyspnea was significantly higher than those in mild and general patients [66.7% (4/6) vs. 10.0% (1/10), 11.6% (5/43), both P < 0.05]. ② Laboratory examination index: the total number of white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophils count (NEU), C-reactive protein (CRP) in severe patients were higher than those in mild patients and general patients [WBC (×10 9/L): 7.21±4.35 vs. 5.85±1.69, 5.43±2.04; NEU (×10 9/L): 6.09±4.43 vs. 3.95±1.45, 3.54±1.83; CRP (mg/L): 16.00 (8.20, 46.43) vs. 5.00 (0.00, 16.13), 15.00 (3.13, 28.58)], the albumin (Alb) level in severe patients was lower than those in mild and general patients (g/L: 38.00±5.35 vs. 49.23±5.27, 39.81±2.15, both P < 0.05), while the hemoglobin (Hb) level in mild patients was higher than that in severe and general patients (g/L:155.2±12.1 vs. 141.3±6.8, 131.1±11.7, both P < 0.05). ③ Chest imaging: the CT manifestations of typical cases were single or multiple ground glass shadows. With the progress of the disease, the focus gradually increased, the scope gradually expanded, and multiple solid shadows of lung lobes were involved. ④ Treatment: all patients received at least 2 kinds of antiviral therapy, and the application rate of Interferon and Ribavirin in severe patients were higher than those in mild and general patients [100.0% (6/6) vs. 80.0% (8/10), 97.7% (42/43); 83.3% (5/6) vs. 0% (0/10), 20.9% (9/43); all P < 0.05]. ⑤ Prognosis: until March 6th 2020, 50 patients (84.8%) were discharged from the hospital after rehabilitation, and the remaining 9 patients were still under treatment, none deaths. Conclusions:The proportion of severe patients with chest distress/dyspnea is higher, the older the patients are and the more basic diseases are, the more likely they are to develop into severe type. High resolution chest CT could be considered for suspected cases or even fever patients, which may show the progress of the disease.

Objective To investigate associations of UC with the polymorphisms of TRAIL receptors.Methods From January 2008 to December 2012, 380 consecutive UC patients [215 males and 165 females, the average age was (42.63 ±14.61) years] as well as 539 sex-and age-matched healthy individuals [290 males and 249 females, the average age was (41.29 ±15.86) years] were recruited from four large scale comprehensive hospitals in Wenzhou city.Five single nucleotide polymorphisms of DR4 (rs20575, rs13278062), DR5(rs1047266), DcR2(rs1133782) and OPG (rs3102735) were detected by a SNaPshot technique.Distributions of mutant alleles and genotypes for targeted polymorphisms in TRAIL receptors were analyzed by Chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test. By means of unconditional Logistic regression analysis, it evaluated associations between the polymorphisms and the risk of UC attack as well as the clinical features of UC patients.Furthermore, an unconditional Logistic multiple regression analysis was employed to investigate the independent risk factors of UC and their multiplicative interaction effects on UC.Results The frequencies of mutant allele (G) and genotype (CG+GG) of DR4(rs20575) were higher in UC patients than those in the controls (3.55%vs 1.95%,χ2 =4.512, P=0.034;6.58%vs 3.71%,χ2=3.938, P=0.047, respectively).However, the frequeucies of mutant allele ( A) and genotype ( GA+AA) of DcR2(rs1133782) were decreased in UC patients compared to the controls(6.18%vs 9.09%,χ2=5.183, P=0.023; 11.32% vs 17.44%, χ2 =6.589, P=0.010, respectively).The frequencies of mutant allele (T) and homozygote (TT) of OPG(rs3102735) were significantly higher in UC patients than in the controls (86.32% vs 81.54%, χ2 =7.385, P=0.007;75.26% vs 66.98%, χ2 =7.346, P=0.007, respectively) .Furthermore, the genotype (GG) of DcR2 (rs1133782) was found to be the independent risk factor for UC attack (OR=4.937, 95%CI:2.320-10.504, P<0.001).Moreover, the (GG) of DcR2(rs1133782) and (CC) of DR4(rs20575) had an interactive effect on UC (OR=0.322, 95%CI:0.164-0.633, P=0.001).The same conclusion was drawn for the ( GG) of DR4( rs20575) and (TT) of OPG(rs3102735) (OR=1.580, 95%CI:1.165-2.144, P=0.003).Conclusions The genetic polymorphisms of DR4 ( rs20575 ) , DcR2 ( rs1133782 ) and OPG ( rs3102735 ) were associated with UC. The mutation of DcR2(rs1133782) might play a protective role in UC.Moreover, the DcR2(rs1133782) and DR4(rs20575) gene had a collaborative effect on UC.So did the DR4(rs20575) and OPG(rs3102735) genes.

The medicinal fungi, which are of great importance in traditional medicine, are facing the problems of wild resources scarcity and low concentration of bioactive compounds. Velvet family and LaeA global regulator play a vital role in secondary metabolism and developmental programs, which are found in a wide variety of fungi ranging from Chytridiomycota to Basidiomycota. This review elaborates the structures and functions between Velvet family and LaeA protein. The Velvet family which shares the Velvet protein domain, including VeA (Velvet), VelB (Velvet like B), VosA (viability of spores A) and VelC (Velvet like C), acts on the regulation function is secondary metabolism and developmental programs such as asexual and sexual development. Furthermore, the function is affected by environmental factors such as light and temperature. LaeA protein which owns S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase domain, coordinately regulates development and secondary metabolism by regulating and modifying the Velvet proteins. The regulation of LaeA is mediated by light receptor proteins. Therefore, clarifying the mechanism of Velvet and LaeA proteins in medicinal fungi will pave the way for nurturing medicinal fungi and improving production of bioactive compounds.