To elucidate the mechanism of negative nitrogen balance after burns, immuno precipitation deduction was used to observe the changes in the activity of 26S proteasome and 19S regulator in skeletal muscle of rats inflicted with 30%TBSAⅢ o burns. The protease activity, ATPase activity of 26S proteasome,as well as 19S regulator in skeletal muscle of rats were markedly enhanced on the second day after scald. It is suggested that burn injury could activate the 26S proteasome in skeletal muscle, in turn enhance the degradation of protein , which is associated with negative nitrogen balance following scald

Objective To study the effectrve approach of the nutrition support in burn patients. Methods The means of immuno-precipitation-deduction,ELISA and fluore-photometion were used to test the change of activities,protein expression of the 19S regulator and the rate of protein degradation in skeletal muscle in scard rats with enteral feeding or parenteral nutrition. Results Compared with parenteral nutrition , enteral feeding could markedly reduce the activity and protein expression of the 19S regulator ,and the digeneration of skeletal muscle was also lower. Conclusions The early enteral feeding can distinctly inhibit the system of 26S proteasome , thereby reduce the protein degradation of skeletal muscle in scald rats,which may be benefical to the metabolic modulation of the burned patients.

Objectives:To compare the effect of defferent routes of nutritional support on the 26 S proteasome. Methods:The means of immuno precipitation deduction,ELISA and fluore photomction were used to test the change of activities,contents of the 26 S proteasome and the rate of protein degradation in skeletal muscle of scalding rats with the animal model of enteral feeding and parenteral nutrition. Results:Compared with parenteral nutrition,enteral feeding could markedly reduce the activity and content of the 26 S proteasome,and the release of tyrosine was also lowered. Conclusions:The early enteral feeding can distinctly inhibit the system of 26 S proteasome,and reduce the protein degradation in skeletal muscle in bruned rats.

Objective To explore the mechanism of negative nitrogen balance in the treatment after burns. Methods The means of immuno precipitation deduction and ELISA were used to test the activities and contents of 26S proteasome and 19S regulator in skeletal muscle of rats inflicted with 30%TBSAⅢ burns. Results TNF? markedly raised the activities and contents of 26S proteasome and 19S regulator in skeletal muscle after scalding. Conclusion TNF? activates the 26S proteasome system in skeletal muscle, thus it enhances the degradation of protein, which is associated with the development of negative nitrogen balance following scalding.

Objective To compare the results of mitral valve reconstruction and replacement as treatments for moderate to severe ischemic mitral regurgitation(IMR), and report the mid-term outcome. Methods From June 2002 to May 2008, 83 pa-tients with moderate IMR(35 cases) and severe IMR (48 cases) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) combined with mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) (n = 43) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) (n = 40). There were 49 males and 34 females with a mean age of (59.3±7.5) years(51 -77years). The procedures of MVP included annuloplasty with a Dacron or autologous per-icardium ring in 21cases, commissural annuloplasty in 9, quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet in 9 and using St. Jude mitral annuloplasty ring in 4. In the cases underwent MVR, 28 patients received mechanical prostheses and 12 received biopros-theses. Results 30-day mortality rate was 2.3% for MVP and 5.0% for MVR (P >0.05). The 30-day complication rate was similar for the 2 groups but mechanical ventilation time was longer for MVR patients. Mild MR ocurred in 6 patients with MVP (P <0.05). Sevonty-six patients were followed by outpatient department visit or telephone for (20.2 ± 4.9) months (3 - 60 months). During the follow-up period, 7 patients with MVP had mild insufficiency but free off etber complications. All the valve prothesis functioned well. However, 3 cases had thromboembolic complications and 7 late deaths were recorded in MVR group. Five-year complication-free survival rate was 90% for MVP group and 61% for MVR. Conclusion MVP resulted in excellent durability and provided significant mid-term survival benefit over MVR. MVP should be the first choice for patients with chronic IMR.

Objective To evaluate the preoperative T staging value of rectal carcinoma by using double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCUS).Methods 71 patients with rectal carcinoma were examined by ultrasound after infusing contrast agent and bolus injection of SonoVue preoperatively.The border,shape and perfusion patterns of the tumor were observed.After surgery,the T staging made by DCUS and perfused contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (PCUS) was compared with final pathologic results respectively.Results The accuracy of PCUS and DCUS in determining the T stage of rectal carcinoma were 71.8％(T1 72.7％％,T250.0％,T374.4％,T476.9％) and 85.9％(T190.9％,T275.0％,T387.1％,T484.6％) respectively.The difference between these two methods was statistically significant (P ＜0.05).Conclusions DCUS is a new valuable method for T staging of rectal carcinoma with its high accuracy preoperatively.

OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients of Shenmai injection,including ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Re,in normal Beagle dogs and those with myocardial ischemia. METHODS:6 Beagle dogs were given isopro-terenol hydrochloride (1.1 mg/kg) sc to establish the model of myocardial ischemia (model group). Another 6 Beagle dogs were given isometric normal saline (2.2 ml/kg) sc as controls group. The two groups of dogs respectively received corresponding drugs sc at 8:00 am and 13:00 pm on day 1 and at 8:00 am on day 2. Each group of dogs were given Shenmai injection(1.6 ml/kg)iv 1 h after administration on day 2,and such intravenous drip lasted for about 1 h. Blood was collected from each group 0,0.25, 0.5,0.75,1(the end of iv),1.5,2,3,4,6,8,12 and 24 h from the start of iv. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was adopted to determine the concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Re in blood,and WinNonlin 6.3 was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters for comparison. RESULTS:For ginsenoside Re in the dogs of the model group,t1/2 was(2.69±1.12) h,AUC0-24 h was(2 060.78±812.18)h·μg/L,Vz was(46.16±20.98)ml and CL was(9.02±4.45)ml/h;compared to the normal control group,AUC0-24 h was much greater and Vz and CL were significantly lower,showing a statistically significant difference(P<0.05). No significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of ginsenoside Rg1 was shown between 2 groups(P>0.05). CON-CLUSIONS:Myocardial ischemia may affect the removal of ginsenoside Re in Beagle dogs,but has no effect on the pharmacoki-netic process of ginsenoside Rg1.

This study was aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of Shengmai injection and Shenmai injection with a single injection administration using a constant speed in subjects with stable angina pectoris.A total of 20 subjects with stable angina pectoris were divided into two groups.Each group was administered with Shengmai and Shenmai injection.The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was adopted to determine concentrations of ginsenosides in plasma at different time points.PK parameters were calculated for comparison.The results showed that after a single intravenous infusion of Shengmai and Shenmai injection,the Cm.of ginsenoside Rg1,ginsenoside Re,ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rc in Shenmai group were higher than those of the Shengmai group with statistical significance (P ≤0.05).There were differences on the T1/2 of ginsenoside Rg1,AUC0-144h and CL of ginsenoside Rc,as well as Tmax of ginsenoside Rd (P ≤ 0.05).However,there was no significant difference shown on other PK parameters.It was concluded that after a single Shengmai or Shenmai injection,there were PK differences of ginsenoside Rg1,ginsenoside Re,ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rc in the human body.The clinical medication selection should be based on syndrome differentiation and treatment of patients.

This study was aimed to establish the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) model of ginsenoside Rb1 following the intravenous administration of Shengmai injection in subjects with stable angina pectoris.A total of stable angina pectoris were selected and received Shengmai injection for 14 days.Plasma samples were collected at different time points.Plasma concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1 were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS).The concentration-time curves (AUC) were drawn,and then the PK parameters were calculated.The systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were monitored,and the combined PK-PD model was established based on the theory of effect compartment.The results showed that PK of ginsenoside Rb1 conformed to a mono-compartment model.The effect of Shengmai injection lagged behind the concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1 in plasma.The effect exhibited good correlation with ginsenoside Rb1 in effect compartment.The relationship between effect and plasma concentrations fits the Inhibitory Effect Imax model.It was concluded that the study successfully established the combined PK-PD model of ginsenoside Rb1 in subjects with angina pectoris.The model can efficiently evaluate the effective substance of Shengmai injection.

Objective To establish a HRM assay to screen for KRAS mutations in clinical colorectal cancer patients.Methods The sensitivity of HRM was analyzed by detecting somatic mutations in exon 2,notably codons 12 and 13 of the KRAS gene in the serial plasmid mixture samples which were mixed using the different proportions mutation plasmid and wide type plasmid of KRAS.HRM analysis was performed for KRAS on DNA insolated from a panel of 60 colorectal cancer samples derived from fresh tissues.The results were compared with the direct sequencing data.Results After the PCR amplification,the mutation results could be available by performing HRM analysis in the same tube on a real time PCR machine with HRM capability.HRM detection could identify KRAS mutation in a proportion of 10% of mutation plasmid DNA.All 60 samples identified the KRAS mutation by HRM and sequencing.17 samples were positive(28.3%) by HRM for KRAS exon 2 mutations,and 15 samples were confirmed the presence of codon 12 or 13 mutations(25.0%) and the other 2 samples were wild type by sequencing.The 60 samples detected by HRM were given 100% sensitivity with 96% specificity.Conclusions HRM is a sensitive intube methodology to screen for mutations in clinical samples.HRM will enable high-throughput screening to gene mutations to allow appropriate therapeutic choices for patients and accelerate research aimed at identifying novel mutations in human cancer.