Observations of the ultrastructural changes on the gonadotrophic cells of adenohypophysis and the interstitial cells of testis were carried out in rats following gossypol treatment.It was found that four types of gonadotrophs in the rat adenohypophysis could be classified under the electron microscopic observation. The contral groups mainly consisted of the types Ⅰ and Ⅱ gonadotrophic cells and the latter appear to be the most numerous cell type, which constitute about 65% of the total gonadotrophs. Following gossypal administration, the number of type Ⅱ cells decreased obviously while that of the type Ⅲ cells increased steady and became the principal type of gonadotrophic cells in gossypol-treated animals. The proportion of the type Ⅲ cells were calculated as 56%, 44% and 58% of the total gonadotrophs after Ⅰ, 2 and 12 months of gossypol treatment, respectively. The type Ⅳ cells were characterized by the appearance of dilated vesicles derived from rough endoplasmic reticulum which occupied almost the entire cytoplasm. Morphologically, these cells were similar to "castration cells" which appeared in the rat adenohypophysis after gonadectomy. They were observed in the experimental animal groups following two months of gossypol treatment, and their proportion was about 13% of the gonadotrophs.No significant ultrastructural changes in the interstitial cells of the treated rat testis could be observed.The significance of the above mentioned changes and the possible mechanism of gossypol effect on the gonadotrophs were discussed.

This paper presents ultrastructural observations on the adrenal cortex of rats following gossypol administration of a daily dose of 10 and 25 mg/kg respectively for various time periods. Stereological analysis was olso carried out on the cellular components of zona glomerulosa.No detectable ultrastructural changes were observed in the glomerulosa cell organelles in the treated rats of 10 mg/kg dosage groups. However, changes, such as increase of the number of mitochondria, derangement and decrease in the number of their cristae, distension of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and increase in lipid droplets were evident in the zona glomerulosa cells of experimental animals treated daily with 25 mg/kg of gossypol. Sstereological analysis of the zona glomerulosa cells also indicated that mitochondria and Golgi apparatus had a tendency to increase in number and size, although There was no significant difference statistically from that Seen in control animals. "Anomalous cells" that had never been seen in the control animals were observed in the zona fasciculata of almost all experimental animals treated daily with 25 mg/kg of gossypol. These cells were characterized by thier condensed cytoplasm and smaller size, shrinkage of nuclear membrane, decrease in amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum as well as denature or decrease in mitochondrial matrix. Other compensatory changes such as the appearance of whorled membranous bodies and cholesterol crystals in the zona fasciculata cells were also discernible.No obvious changes in zona reticularis of rat adrenal cortex following gossypol treatment could be observed. The nature and the significance of the ultrastructural changes in the adrenal cortex following gossypol treatment are a nalysed and discussed.

Junctions of myocardial cell, specially the intraeellular junctions of transverse tubule system with sarcoplasmie reticulum membranes were observed and described in the present paper. The tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma constitutes the transverse tubule (T tubule) which surround the myofibril in rabbit. The transverse tubular system of cardiac muscle are well developed. The tubule has an elliptical shape in cross section and 15 nm in diameter and is constantly located at the level of Z line. The sarcoplasmic retieulum consists of a simple plexiform arrangement of tubular elements forming a loose network around the myofibrillae. Small terminal expansions of the reticulum are closely applied to the membrane of the T tubules to form Diad. The membranes of the small flattened expansions of the reticulum and T tubules are in contact with each other, but the lumina of the two elements do not communicate. There is a gap of about I0 nm between them and foot processes from the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum are regularly extended toward the Ttubules. In addition, intracellular membranous junctions are observed between T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum of Diad. Each junction with membrane area of about 375 nm long becomes thicker and divides into two layers. Between them there is a gap of 31 nm wide, in which it is filled up with electron, dense material, forming some discontinuous spots which consisted of dense and light areas arranged at regular intervals.

Objective By testing the particle removal efficiency of LG Electronics Company's two types of plasma air cleaners,to explore more scientific and reasonable methods for evaluating the purifying effectiveness of indoor air cleaners so as to obtain scientific and contrastable experimental data and calculating results. Methods This evaluating method referred to Standard Examination Method of Portable Household Electric Cord-Connected Room Air Cleaners of America (ANSI/AHAM AC-1-2000) and used one of indexes regu lated in standard Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) as the main evaluating index of the effectiveness of indoor air cleaners,meantime several kinds of domestic and international current evaluating indexes were adopted to synthetically evaluate decontaminating function of the air cleaners. Results The index of CADR could accurately and objectively manifest the true decontaminating function of indoor air cleaner. But if using the index of purifying efficiency to reflect the purifying effectiveness of air cleaners,pollutant's natural decay rate and initial concentration should be considered and at the same time other experimental conditions should be given out. Conclusion The establishments of accurate testing methods and accurate expressions of testing results were the sufficient and essential conditions for accurate evaluation on testing objectives.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect and safety of the umbilical blood stem cell transplantation on patients with end-stage cirrhosis.Methods We chose 80 patients diagnosed with end-stage cirrhosis.All the re-lated contraindications were excluded .Communicated with all the patients, 50 patients chose the umbilical blood stem cell transplantation and conservative treatment , and 30 patients only chose conservative treatment .The 50 pa-tients were defined as observation group and the left were defined as control group .After transplantation, clinical symptoms and laboratory data were recorded at the 1 month, 6 month, and 12 month.Results ① 12 months after transplantation, clinical symptoms were improved in 38 cases(76%) in the observation group and that in 12 cases (40%) in the control group.② The laboratory data, including ALB, TBiL, ALT, AST, PTA were improved after transplantation in observation group (P <0.05).No significant difference was found in the control group after thera -py.③ After transplantation, the improvement of ALB, A/G, TBiL, PTA in observation group was higher than the control group(P <0.05).Conclusion After transplantation of the umbilical blood stem cell transplantation , the liver function and life quality of patients are significantly improved .This method is better than conservative treat -ment.The method is safe and effective in the treatment of patients with end -stage cirrhosis.

Objective To improve the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas to guide clinical management of this disease. Methods One hundred and twenty-eight cases were diagnosed as adrenal incidentalomas due to health examination or treatment of other than adrenal disease,including 60 males and 68 females,whose ages were between 20 and 75 years,with a mean age of 50 years.Tumor diamer:＜3 cm 63 cases,3-6 cm 6 cases,＞6 cm 10 cases.128 patients all had biochemical and electrolyte examination,adrenal cortex and medulla biochemical testing,abdominal ultrasound and CT examination,6 cases with MRI examination.Surgery and post operative pathological examination were performed in all patients. Results Post operative pathology finally diagnosed adrenocortical adenoma in 85 cases,pheochromocytoma in 13 cases,adrenal cyst in 8 cases,paraganglioma and myeiolipoma in 7 eases respectively,adrenal nodular hyperplasia in 4 cases,adrenocortical carcinoma in 2 cases,adrenoconical oncocytoma,cellular Schwannoma and adrenal liposarcoma in 1 case,respectively.One case of pheochromocytoma patients died of intraoperative hypotension,which is not included in the total number. Conclusions The preperative diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas is difficult.For adrenal incidentalomas with diameter more than 6 cm and those with endocrine function,early surgicM treatment is recommended.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of cytochalasin E(CE) on the integrity of Sertoli cell barrier. The results indicate that: (1) In the CE-treated testis(1000-2000 ?mol/L CE/testis, 6-14 hr), actin filaments of the ectoplasmic specialization (ES) in area of Sertoli cell barrier were disrupted, the accumulation of amorphous material and fragmented small vesicles of SER were observed in cytoplasm of Sertoli cell. The above changes appeared to be dosage and duration dependent; (2)In the seminiferous tubules of animals receiving CE (1000-2000 ?mol/L testis, 6-14 hr) plus fixation with 10% hypertonic dextrose solutions, usually the germ cells shrinkage and exaggeration of intercellular spaces withint he basal as well asthe adluminal compartments were observed. The tight junction between Sertoli cells were also appeared to be separated by hypertonic action of dextros; (3) The results of tracing experiments showed that lanthanums as tracer could be seen to pass through the Sertoli-Sertoli cell junction of the barrier and enter into the adluminal compartment, the tracer that surrounding the spermatocytes and round spermatids were discernible readily. The above results suggest that cytochalsin E disturbed actin filaments of Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization thus altered the functional integrity of the Sertoli cell barrier. The relationship between the actin filaments and Sertoli cell barrier was discussed.

Objective To evaluate the necessity of concomitant bladder cuff and the possibility of distal ureter sparing surgery during radical nephroureterectomy of low-level upper urinary tract tumors. Methods Clinical data of 73 patients with low-level (Tis-T3 M0 N0 ) tumors of the proximal upper urinary transitional epithelial cancer treated in radical nephroureterectomy in our hospital from 2000 to 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. The medical charts and pathologic specimens of 35 patients with, and 38 patients without, concomitant bladder cuff were reviewed. Results In the 35 patients with concomitant bladder cuff resection, 8 cases (22.9%) recurrence was observed; in the 38 patients without concomitant bladder cuff resection, 8 cases (21.1%) recurrence was observed. There was no difference between both groups(P>0.05). In the 19 patients suffered renal pelvis tumors with concomitant bladder cuff resection, 4 cases (21.1%) recurrence was observed; In the 16 patients suffered ureter tumors with concomitant bladder cuff resection, 4 cases (25 %) recurrence was observed.There is no difference between patients of renal pelvis tumors and of ureter tumors with concomitant bladder cuff(P>0.05). In the 27 patients suffered renal pelvis tumors without concomitant bladder cuff resection, 3 cases (11.1 %) recurrence was observed; in the 11 patients suffered ureter tumors with concomitant bladder cuff, 5 cases (45.5%) recurrence was observed. There was significant different between patients of renal pelvis tumors and of ureter tumors without concomitant bladder cuff (P<0. 05). Conclusion Concomitant bladder cuff resection confers a favorable prognosis to the patients with ureter tumors, but not to the patients with renal pelvis tumors.

Objective:To compare various data of open pyeloplasty,laparoscopic pyeloplasty and en-dopyelotomy as a treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction(UPJO),and to investigate and discuss the feasibility and effect of the three methods.Methods:In the study,109 cases of UPJO treated by dif-ferent surgical approaches in Peking University People’s Hospital from January 2004 to December 2014 were retrospectively investigated.The patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment they received:open peyloplasty group (32 cases),laparoscopic peyloplasty group (31 cases)and en-dopyelotomy group (46 cases).We compared the data of the operative time,intraoperative blood loss, perioperative complications and post-operative hospital stay among the three groups.The mean follow-up time was(51.9 ±40.1 )months (6 -132 months).Results:None of the laparoscopic peyloplties was converted to open peyloplasty.All endpyelotomies were successfully completed.The operative time was as follows:laparoscopic peyloplasty group (195.97 ±55.22)min,open peyloplasty group (121.19 ± 33.95)min and endopyelotomy group (74.04 ±33.95 )min,and there were significant differences among the three groups respectively(P <0.001 ).There was no significant difference on the operative blood loss between open peyloplasty group and laparoscopic peyloplasty group (P =0.163).The opera-tive blood loss of endopyelotomy group was 5(0,310)mL,which was lower than the other two groups,and this result had significant differences with the other two groups respectively(P <0.001).There were sig-nificant differences on the post-operative hospital stay (days)among open peyloplasty group,laparoscopic peyloplasty group and endopeylotomy group (P <0.05,respectively).The success rate was comparable between open peyloplasty group and laparoscopic peyloplasty group(93.8% vs.90.3%,P =0.672), while the endopeylotomy group had a lower success rate compared with both open surgery group and laparo-scopic group(69.6% vs.93.8%,P =0.01;69.6% vs.90.3%,P =0.048,respectively).The complica-tion rates of open peyloplasty group,laparoscopic peyloplasty group and endopeylotomy group were compa-rable(15.6%,16.1% and 13.0%,respectively,P >0.05).Conclusion:The laparoscopic peyloplasty group had a longer operative time than open peyloplasty group,while its post-operative stay was shorter. There was no significant difference on the operative blood loss between open peyloplasty group and laparo-scopic peyloplasty group.Although the success rate of endopyelotomy was lower than those of the other two groups,it had advantages over the aspect of operative time,operative blood loss and post operative stay.

Objective To explore disinfection efficacy of anerdian using swab and spray disinfection methods.Methods Hands of 30 subjects were randomly divided into the swab group and the spray group.The samples of before and after disinfection in each group were collected separately and observed their disinfection effect.Results The number of bacteria showed no significant difference between the two groups.The passing rate of disinfection reached 100％.The time of disinfection in the spray group was (2.58±0.32)s,significantly less than that in the swab group,(12.26±1.48)s,however,the drying time in the spray group was (42.37±1.79)s,significant longer than that in the swab group,(26.24±1.46)s.A subject hand disinfection used 0.5ml 0.2％ anerdian in the spray group,and 0.75ml 0.2％ anerdian and two cotton buds was used in the swab group.Conclusions There is identical disinfection efficacy between spray and swab methods.Spray disinfection method has short operating time,less use of disinfectant without using cotton buds,it is able to replace swab disinfection and will play an important role to reduce medical waste and health care costs.