Objective To evaluate hand hygiene compliance (HHC) after patient contact and the influence of different factors on HHC in China. Methods HHC by different levels of medical workers from different departments were observed on 8 tertiary hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Results The average HHC was 56. 5%( 61. 0% by the doctors and 53. 8% by the nurses). HHC was 52. 8% in the presence of gloves and 82. 0% in the absence of gloves; the difference was statistically significant. When alcohol-based hand rub or soap (hand sanitizer) was provided, HHC was respectively 58. 7% and 61. 3%; when they were not provided, it was respectively 51. 2% and 48. 4% (P

Objective To understand the current situation of hospital infection management in some hospitals in China and explore its development tendency. Methods Surveys were made by means of questionnaires on hospital infection management in 16 hospitals of various tiers in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou and the results were compared with those of the two nation-wide surveys conducted respectively in 1994 and 1999. At the same time a dynamic assessment was made of hand hygiene implementation. Results The infection management systems in large and medium-sized hospitals in China were becoming increasingly perfect and a fairly high level was reached in function construction, team structure and expertise of hospital infection management departments. However, there were still many problems. 60% of medical staff washed their hands after patient-contact while only 35% did so before patient-contact and after item contact. Conclusion Hospital infection management in China has reached an important stage of accelerated development with substantial accumulation and more solid foundation. However, as far as development tendency is concerned, we should introduce technical indexes for quality control, put more emphasis on process-evaluation rather than result-evaluation in quality control management, stress the guiding role of evidence-based medicine in hospital management and promote a benign interaction between the hospital infection management and medical treatment process.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of cytochalasin E(CE) on the integrity of Sertoli cell barrier. The results indicate that: (1) In the CE-treated testis(1000-2000 ?mol/L CE/testis, 6-14 hr), actin filaments of the ectoplasmic specialization (ES) in area of Sertoli cell barrier were disrupted, the accumulation of amorphous material and fragmented small vesicles of SER were observed in cytoplasm of Sertoli cell. The above changes appeared to be dosage and duration dependent; (2)In the seminiferous tubules of animals receiving CE (1000-2000 ?mol/L testis, 6-14 hr) plus fixation with 10% hypertonic dextrose solutions, usually the germ cells shrinkage and exaggeration of intercellular spaces withint he basal as well asthe adluminal compartments were observed. The tight junction between Sertoli cells were also appeared to be separated by hypertonic action of dextros; (3) The results of tracing experiments showed that lanthanums as tracer could be seen to pass through the Sertoli-Sertoli cell junction of the barrier and enter into the adluminal compartment, the tracer that surrounding the spermatocytes and round spermatids were discernible readily. The above results suggest that cytochalsin E disturbed actin filaments of Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization thus altered the functional integrity of the Sertoli cell barrier. The relationship between the actin filaments and Sertoli cell barrier was discussed.

Objective To study the composition of variant and point mutations of Norovirus GⅡ.4 in Guiyang regions.Methods From June to November 2010,cases information and fecal specimens were collected from guard-hospitals in Guiyang regions,who had caught the acute-gastroenteritis.Noroviruses in specimens were detected by a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(real-time RT-PCR),and then partial genotyped norovirus-positive clinical samples (in random) were cloned and sequenced in VP1 gene code.Furthermore,the gene sequences were compared with the published variants at home and abroad of norovirus(GⅡ.4),including the phylogenetic analyses of genomes and variation of amino acids within individual sites.Results Those 267 specimens were GⅡ-norovirus-positive(62.68％) in 426 clinical samples.There were nine GⅡ.4-norovirus-positive VP1 gene-sequences available,and two subtype-norovirus variants (GⅡ.4 2008a and G Ⅱ.4 2008b variant) were epidemic in 2010,Guizhou province.The homology between and in subgroups were 95.90％-96.72％ and 99.45％-100％.Two amino acids within individual sites were apt to mutate.Conclusion Norovirus GⅡ genotype were predominant in summer and fall acute gastroenteritis in 2010 for Guiyang regions,and the variants were diversity.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of dengue fever (DF) in Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center (HEMC) in the year of 2014. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out in the clinical data of 487 cases of DF patients. Results The incidence of DF accounted for 27.18% ( 527/1939) of the total emergeney fever cases. In 487 DF cases with detailed data, 261 were male, and 226 were female; 312 were young aged, 88 were middle aged, and 87 were old aged. For the systemic symptoms, fever accounted for 87.5%, headache 48.3%, and muscular soreness 47.6%. Cough ( 16.6%) , pharynx pain ( 16.8%) and running nose ( 10.9%) were common in respiratory symptoms; poor appetite ( 14.4%) and nausea ( 10.3%) were common in gastrointestinal symptoms. The abnormal laboratory parameters were mainly shown as WBC count ( 48.25%) and PLT count ( 41.68%) , following by creatine kinase ( CK, 39.49%) , aspartate aminotransferase ( AST, 34.12%) , and lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH, 31.96%) . Less cases had abnormal renal function. The distribution of Chinese medical syndrome types was shown as damp-heat blockage (65.7%), syndrome involving Weifen and Qifen simultaneously (23.6%), and Qi-yin deficiency (10.7%). Conclusion In the year of 2014, DF in Guangzhou HEMC occurred mainly among the youth people, the incidence of male DF was similar to that of the female DF, and DF cases usually have the primary symptoms of fever, aversion to cold, headache and muscular soreness. Bleeding is seldom seen in the DF patients, a few cases are complicated with the damage in the blood, liver and myocardium, and most of them have good prognosis.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the hand hygiene compliance(HHC) in China.METHODS The field observation for hand hygiene compliance,the hand hygiene material and equipment were performed in parallel in 8 hospitals from Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou.RESULTS It was shown that the average hand hygiene compliance before contacting patient was 35.3%,much lower than the compliance after contacting patient(56.5%).The nurse′s HHC(39.3%) was the best among groups before contacting patient,but the physicians took the first place of HHC after contacting patient.The best discipline in HHC was gynecology and obstetrics departments,especially before contacting patient and after contacting other surface,comparatively the worst was the surgeons.Most of hospitals(83.3%) provided the unmedicated detergent for handwashing.The alcohol-based hand rub(ABHR) for hand disinfection was available(56%) in many hospitals,in contrast the HHC with ABHR was quite low(14.2%).CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the HHC is relatively low and improving adherence to hand hygiene practice is a multidisciplinary and systematic approach in China.It might be essential for promoting the HHC of health care workers,especially the physicians and surgeons,to strengthen the education and enlarge the continuous investment for some hard-ware improvement.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv..METHODS The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of P.pulchellum 95％ ethanol extract were isolated and purified by Sephadex LH-20,silica,ODS and pre-HPLC column,then the structures of isolated compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.RESULTS Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as phydroxybenzoic acid (1),protocatechuic acid (2),protocaechuic acid methyl ester (3),protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (4),ethyl gallate (5),p-coumaric acid (6),caffeic acid ester (7),loliolide (8),uridine (9),arbutin (10),daucosterol (11).CONCLUSION Compounds 4-11 are isolated from genus Phyllodium for the first time,compounds 2 and 3 are first obtained from this plant.

Aim To investigate the effect of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia ( CIHH) on the paeonol induced vasomotion of isolated rat ’ s thoracic aorta rings and its underlying mechanisms. Methods Spra-gue-Dawlay ( SD ) rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group ( CON ) and CIHH treatment group ( CIHH) . CIHH rats were exposed to hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber simulating 5 000 m altitude, 6 hours daily for 28 days. CON rats lived in the same en-vironment as CIHH animals except hypoxia. Organ bath technique was used to observe the effect of pae-onol on isolated thoracic aorta rings of rats. Results There were no significant differences of noradrenaline ( NE )- and KCl-induced contraction in thoracic aorta rings among CIHH and CON rats;CIHH enhanced va-sodilative effects of paeonol on isolated thoracic aorta rings of rats; the vasodilative effects on CIHH rats could be partly decreased by β-receptor blocker prop-ranolol,ATP-sensitive potassium channel ( KATP ) bloc-ker glibenclamide and NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME. Paeonol significantly inhibited NE-induced intracellular and extracellular calcium-dependent contraction in CIHH rats. Paeonol didn ’ t inhibit NE-induced con-traction by intracellular calcium release and its inhibi-tory effect couldn ’ t be blocked by glibenclamide in CON. Vasodilative effects of paeonol couldn ’ t be re-versed by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, in CIHH and CON rats. Conclusion CIHH significantly enhances vasodilative effects of paeonol on isolated tho-racic aorta rings of rats. Besides promoting the signa-ling pathway of paeonol in CON, CIHH significantly enhances vasodilative effects of paeonol via activating KATP and inhibiting Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic re-ticulum.

Using the data from normal tongue and lip colors of normal people which were collected by the visible reflection spectrum, we analyzed the colorimetric parameters of tongue and lip colors.