Objective To understand the current situation of hospital infection management in some hospitals in China and explore its development tendency. Methods Surveys were made by means of questionnaires on hospital infection management in 16 hospitals of various tiers in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou and the results were compared with those of the two nation-wide surveys conducted respectively in 1994 and 1999. At the same time a dynamic assessment was made of hand hygiene implementation. Results The infection management systems in large and medium-sized hospitals in China were becoming increasingly perfect and a fairly high level was reached in function construction, team structure and expertise of hospital infection management departments. However, there were still many problems. 60% of medical staff washed their hands after patient-contact while only 35% did so before patient-contact and after item contact. Conclusion Hospital infection management in China has reached an important stage of accelerated development with substantial accumulation and more solid foundation. However, as far as development tendency is concerned, we should introduce technical indexes for quality control, put more emphasis on process-evaluation rather than result-evaluation in quality control management, stress the guiding role of evidence-based medicine in hospital management and promote a benign interaction between the hospital infection management and medical treatment process.

Objective To evaluate hand hygiene compliance (HHC) after patient contact and the influence of different factors on HHC in China. Methods HHC by different levels of medical workers from different departments were observed on 8 tertiary hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Results The average HHC was 56. 5%( 61. 0% by the doctors and 53. 8% by the nurses). HHC was 52. 8% in the presence of gloves and 82. 0% in the absence of gloves; the difference was statistically significant. When alcohol-based hand rub or soap (hand sanitizer) was provided, HHC was respectively 58. 7% and 61. 3%; when they were not provided, it was respectively 51. 2% and 48. 4% (P

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of cytochalasin E(CE) on the integrity of Sertoli cell barrier. The results indicate that: (1) In the CE-treated testis(1000-2000 ?mol/L CE/testis, 6-14 hr), actin filaments of the ectoplasmic specialization (ES) in area of Sertoli cell barrier were disrupted, the accumulation of amorphous material and fragmented small vesicles of SER were observed in cytoplasm of Sertoli cell. The above changes appeared to be dosage and duration dependent; (2)In the seminiferous tubules of animals receiving CE (1000-2000 ?mol/L testis, 6-14 hr) plus fixation with 10% hypertonic dextrose solutions, usually the germ cells shrinkage and exaggeration of intercellular spaces withint he basal as well asthe adluminal compartments were observed. The tight junction between Sertoli cells were also appeared to be separated by hypertonic action of dextros; (3) The results of tracing experiments showed that lanthanums as tracer could be seen to pass through the Sertoli-Sertoli cell junction of the barrier and enter into the adluminal compartment, the tracer that surrounding the spermatocytes and round spermatids were discernible readily. The above results suggest that cytochalsin E disturbed actin filaments of Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization thus altered the functional integrity of the Sertoli cell barrier. The relationship between the actin filaments and Sertoli cell barrier was discussed.

Objective To evaluate the inhibitory effects of shRNAs targeting genes encoding viral capsomeres VP1-VP4 on enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication when used alone or in combination.Methods Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting genes encoding VP1-VP4 protein of EV71 were designed and then respectively inserted into lentiviral vector pLKD-CMV-GFP-U6 to construct the recombinant plasmids.The expression plasmids together with psPAX2 and pMD2.G were transfected into 293T cells to induce the expression of recombinant lentiviruses,which were collected on the third day after transfection.The titers of recombined lentiviruses were determined by real-time PCR.The effects of shRNAs used alone or in combination on the expression of EV71 at mRNA and protein levels were respectively detected by real-time PCR and Western blot.Results The inhibitory effects of shRNAs on EV71 replication showed no significant differences among various strains (isolated from fatal cases,severe cases,mild cases and FY0805) (P＞0.05).Their inhibition rates were 51.6％ (sh-VP1-1),85.1％ (sh-VP1-2),76.4％ (sh-VP1-3),57.5％ (sh-VP2-1),81.4％ (sh-VP2-2),79.5％ (sh-VP2-3),68.9％ (sh-VP3) and 56.7％ (sh-VP4) respectively,and they were in a dosage dependent manner.sh-VP1-2 in combination with sh-VP2-2 showed the highest inhibition rate reaching up to 96.6％.Moreover,shRNAs used in combination showed better effects than any one used alone even at double dosage.Conclusion All shRNAs targeting viral capsid VP1-VP4 genes showed inhibitory effects on EV71 replication with inhibition rates over 50％ and the effects could be strengthened when using shRNAs in combination.

Objective To study the composition of variant and point mutations of Norovirus GⅡ.4 in Guiyang regions.Methods From June to November 2010,cases information and fecal specimens were collected from guard-hospitals in Guiyang regions,who had caught the acute-gastroenteritis.Noroviruses in specimens were detected by a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(real-time RT-PCR),and then partial genotyped norovirus-positive clinical samples (in random) were cloned and sequenced in VP1 gene code.Furthermore,the gene sequences were compared with the published variants at home and abroad of norovirus(GⅡ.4),including the phylogenetic analyses of genomes and variation of amino acids within individual sites.Results Those 267 specimens were GⅡ-norovirus-positive(62.68％) in 426 clinical samples.There were nine GⅡ.4-norovirus-positive VP1 gene-sequences available,and two subtype-norovirus variants (GⅡ.4 2008a and G Ⅱ.4 2008b variant) were epidemic in 2010,Guizhou province.The homology between and in subgroups were 95.90％-96.72％ and 99.45％-100％.Two amino acids within individual sites were apt to mutate.Conclusion Norovirus GⅡ genotype were predominant in summer and fall acute gastroenteritis in 2010 for Guiyang regions,and the variants were diversity.

Using the data from normal tongue and lip colors of normal people which were collected by the visible reflection spectrum, we analyzed the colorimetric parameters of tongue and lip colors.

Objective To study the expression of phosphorylated serine 910 of focal adhesion kinase(FAKps910)in circulation endothelial cells(CEC)from patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS).Methods Fifty HFRS patients were involved in the study and divided into mild(n=17),moderate(n=20)and severe(n=13)groups according to patients' conditions. Twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled as control group. CEC were isolated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation method. The expression of FAKps910 in specific APC-CD31+ CEC was measured by flow cytometry. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results The positive rates of FAKps910 in CEC were 59.87%±9.58% in early febrile stage patients and 21.14%±2.53% in the healthy controls, while it was 11.64%±2.17%in the later febrile or hypotension stage patients(F=262.31,P＜0.01).It gradually restored to normal afterwards. The positive rates of FAKps910 in CEC were 17.45%±2.64%,13.84%±2.54% and 7.47%±2.57%,respectively in mild, morderate and severe groups in the later febrile or hypotension stage, which were all significantly different from that in control group(F=52.642,P＜0.01).Conclusions FAK in CEC iS related with the clinical severity of HFRS patients. FAK may be involved in intergrin β3-mediated endothelial injury during Hantavirus infection.

Objective:To understand the genetic variation and the prevalence of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in Guizhou province, and to provide the scientific evidence for the prevention and control of avian influenza virus.Methods:The results of AIV detection in live poultry market(LPM) environment in Guizhou province from October 2018 to March 2019 were statistically analyzed, RNAs were extracted and sequenced from the HA genes of 13 samples of H9N2 positive screened by real-time PCR. Then the homology, the genetic evolution and the mutations of important amino acid were analyzed by bioinformation softwares. Results:The positive rate of AIV was 52.2% and the positive rate of H9N2 was 83.7% in LPM environment. The homology between nucleotides of the HA gene of 21 strains ranged from 91.6% to 100.0%, and the homology between amino acids of the HA gene ranged from 91.0% to 100.0%. All strains belonged to Y280 sublineage and G57 genotype. Key sites analysis showed that they had a common motif PSRSSRGLF and LSRSSRGLF at the cleavage site, which indicated that they were lentogenic and low pathogenic strains. Mutations H191N, E198T/A and Q234L at the receptor binding sites in the HA was found in 21 strains, while indicated the viruses had the potential to bind human-like receptor. The analysis results of glycosylation motifs showed that all 21 strains had 7 glycosylation sites, but had a site deletion at amino acid site 218 and an addition at 313.There was no significant mutation in the key site compared with the human infected strains. Conclusions:The detection rate of AIV in LPM environment in Guizhou province was high, and the pollution was very serious, and H9N2 subtype is the main subtype, All H9N2 subtype AIVs belonged to Y280 sublineage and G57 genotype, and they were low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Guizhou province, but the genetic gap were widening and mutations of key amino acid site might enhance susceptibility and pathogenicity to human beings. Hence, It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of molecular characteristic variation of H9N2 subtype AIV.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the hand hygiene compliance(HHC) in China.METHODS The field observation for hand hygiene compliance,the hand hygiene material and equipment were performed in parallel in 8 hospitals from Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou.RESULTS It was shown that the average hand hygiene compliance before contacting patient was 35.3%,much lower than the compliance after contacting patient(56.5%).The nurse′s HHC(39.3%) was the best among groups before contacting patient,but the physicians took the first place of HHC after contacting patient.The best discipline in HHC was gynecology and obstetrics departments,especially before contacting patient and after contacting other surface,comparatively the worst was the surgeons.Most of hospitals(83.3%) provided the unmedicated detergent for handwashing.The alcohol-based hand rub(ABHR) for hand disinfection was available(56%) in many hospitals,in contrast the HHC with ABHR was quite low(14.2%).CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the HHC is relatively low and improving adherence to hand hygiene practice is a multidisciplinary and systematic approach in China.It might be essential for promoting the HHC of health care workers,especially the physicians and surgeons,to strengthen the education and enlarge the continuous investment for some hard-ware improvement.