Objective To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of chloroprocaine on KCNQ2/Q3 channel currents in HEK2936 cells.Methods Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells served as an expression system.KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 cDNAs and green fluorescent protein were transfected into HEK293 cells by using lipofectamine.The KCNQ2/Q3 currents were recorded by using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.Part Ⅰ The transfected HEK293 cells were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =11 each):control group,and 1,10 and 100 mmol/L chloroprocaine groups.The KCNQ2/Q3 channel currents produced by different concentrations of chloroprocaine were recorded under different holding potentials (-40,0 and 40 mV) and the action time was 1 min.Part Ⅱ The transfected HEK293 cells were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =5 each):control group and 10 mmol/L chloroprocaine.The KCNQ2/Q3 channel currents were recorded under different holding potentials (-80-30 mV)and the action time was 1 min.Different test potentials were normalized and fitted to Boltzmann function,and KCNQ2/Q3 channel Ⅰ-Ⅴ curve was then obtained.The activation and deactivation currents were both fitted to a single exponential function and the time constants for current activation and for current deactivation were calculated.Results Part Ⅰ When the holding potential was 40,0 and-40 mV,the suppression rate of KCNQ2/Q3 channel currents in HEK293 cells was higher in 1,10 and 100 mmol/L chloroprocaine groups than in control group (P ＜0.05 or 0.01).Part Ⅱ Compared with control group,the time constant for the current activation at 0 mV of holding potential was prolonged,the time constant for the current deactivation was shortened when the holding potential was-80 mV,and the half-activation voltage of KCNQ2/Q3 channels was increased,the activation curve shifted to the depolarized potentials,and KCNQ2/Q3 channel Ⅰ-Ⅴ curve slope was decreased in 10 mmol/L chloroprocaine group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Chloroprocaine concentration-dependently suppresses KCNQ2/Q3 channel currents in HEK2936 cells.The KCNQ2/Q3 channel is closed in advance due to KCNQ2/Q3 channel opening delay induced by chloroprocaine thus decreasing the activity of KCNQ2/Q3 channels.

Objective To investigate the correlation between intraoperative ultrasonographic features and expression of immunohistochemical markers in patients with glioma.Methods Totally 116 patients with glioma confirmed pathologically were collected.Ultrasonic features were observed,including the main site of the tumor,maximum diameter,border,cystic degeneration,calcification,the degree of peritumoral edema and CDFI blood flow classification,and the correlation between ultrasonographic features and immunohistochemical results such as Ki-67 and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) was analyzed.Results Univariate analysis showed that the border,peritumoral edema and CDFI blood flow were significantly different between negative and positive Ki-67 expression patients (P＜ 0.01).The border,cystic degeneration and peritumoral edema were distinct between negative and positive IDH1 patients (P＜0.01).Multivariate analysis showed that gliomas with clear border,high degree of peritumoral edema and rich CDFI blood flow tended to show positive Ki-67 expression,while those with vague border,low degree of peritumoral edema were frequently accompanied by positive IDH1 expression.Conclusion The border of gliomas,peritumoral edema and blood flow showed on ultrasonography may predict the expression of Ki-67 and IDH1.It is of great significance for preliminary evaluation on biological behaviors and prognosis of the tumors before surgical operation.

Natural killer (NK) cells are important immune cells in the human body and are also the main lymphocytes in the liver. They are considered the first defense mechanism against tumor and have a significant impact on the development and progression of liver cancer. The characteristics of NK cells help them become a new choice for immunotherapy, and NK cell-based immunotherapy may succeed in the treatment of liver cancer. This article reviews the biological characteristics of NK cells, their role in the development and progression of liver cancer, and the research advances in related treatment.