Clinical practice is an important process for the formation of the clinical skills and decent medical ethics of medical students.This paper clarifies various issues arising in the current medical ethics education,and proposes relevant countermeasures from the perspectives of medical colleges,training hospitals,guidance teachers,and so on.

BACKGROUND: Selenium is one of necessary microelement of human body. It acts as the active center of selenium-contained enzyme with antioxidant function, which can clean up internal free radical, effectively catalyze harmful perhydride deoxidizing into innocuous hydroxyl compound,reinforce immunity of human body, prevent and cure cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and cancer.OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence for preventing and treating cardiocerebrovascular diseases via comparison of blood selenium content between patients and healthy persons.DESIGN: Case-control analysis.SETTING: Dalian Railway Medical School, Dalian Railway Hospital, Department of Applied Chemistry, Dalian Railway College.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 319 blood samples (169 males, 150 females)were collected from patients with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases from Dalian Railway Hospital from March 2000 to May 2001. Among them,there were 164 with hypertension, 97 with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAHD), 41 with cardiac dysrhythmia and 17 with cerebral vascular accident. 300 healthy patients (159 males and 141 females) were in the healthy group.METHODS: The blood selenium content of patients with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases was detected with neopolarography.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Total level of blood selenium of testees of the two groups. ②Comparison of level of blood selenium between males and females. ③Comparison of level of blood selenium of patients with different diseases.RESULTS: A total of 619 testees were involved in the result analysis. ①The total level of blood selenium of the patient group was lower than that of the healthy group [(114.0±52.5), (146.5±51.0) μg/L,P ＜ 0.001],which was only 76% of that of the healthy persons. ②Content of blood selenium of males and females was normal distribution. There was insignificant difference between males and females (P ＞ 0.10), but the level of blood selenium in females was slightly higher than that of males. ③The levels of blood selenium of patients with hypertension, CAHD, cardiac dysrhythmia were 82.7%, 68.6% and 66.0% of that of healthy persons, respectively, but the difference between males and females was insignificant(P ＞ 0.10). The level of blood selenium of patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA) was the lowest, (84.4±28.9)μg/L, which was 57.6% of healthy persons.CONCLUSION: The content of blood selenium of patients with cardiocerebrovascular diseases is lower than that of healthy persons. Organic selenium and inorganic selenium should be supplemented moderately.

Objective To determine the changes in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in residents aged over 20 years in Shandong coastal areas during years 2004-2014. Methods A random stratified cluster sampling was conducted, and 3 944 inhabitants were investigated in Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, and Rizhao regions. Results (1)The standardized rate of diabetes mellitus prevalence was 10.36% in 2014, increased by 2.38% as compared with 2004 and 0.85% as compared with 2009 (P<0.05). There were 341 newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients, accounting for 57.4% of the diabetes mellitus patients, increased by 6.09% as compared with 2004 and decreased by 4.11% as compared with 2009 (P<0.05). The standardized rate of prediabetes was 12.47% in 2014, increased by 2.63% as compared with 2004 and 0.61% as compared with 2009 (P<0.05). (2) The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in individuals aged under 50 years in 2014 was significantly higher than that in 2004, but lower than that in 2009 (P<0.05). (3) Compared with 2004 and 2009, the levels of diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus increased significantly in 2014 (all P<0.05). The levels of serum uric acid in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus decreased significantly in 2014 (P<0.05). (4) The logistic regression analysis showed that the age, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, triglyceride, LDL-C, systolic blood pressure, and diabetic family history were the risk factors for abnormal glucose regulation, while total cholesterol was the protective factor. Conclusions The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes increased during 10 years (2004-2014), but the growth rate dropped precipitously during last five years as compared with the first five years. The age of diabetes mellitus onset is getting older in residents of Shandong coastal area, especially in females. Aging, overweight, hypertension, lipid disorders, and diabetic family history were the risk factors of diabetes mellitus.

Objective To summarize imaging appearances of brain in AIDS patients,as to supply the evidences of imaging diagnosis for this disease . Methods CT or/and MRI appearances of brain in 19 patients with AIDS of nervous system type were reviewed . Results 3 cases showed the symmetry signal abnormal in bilateral whiter matter and 2 cases showed brain atrophy in 5 patients with HIV encephalitis.2 cases of toxoplasma encephalitis appeared multiple abnormal density or/and signal intensity in the brain and multiple ring enhancement . 3 patients with lymphoma displayed single or multiple nodule in the brain and nodular-enhancement or inhomogenous enhancement.3 patients with brain infarction displayed lower density in the basal ganglia on CT.2 patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy displaied multiple patch abnormal signal intensity of the white matter in frontal and parietal lobus.1 patient with cryptococcal infection showed abnormal signal and ring enhancement of the pons.1 patient with cryptococcal meningitis and 2 patients with intracranial hypertension had not abnormal imaging appearances.Conclusion Most lesions of the brain in AIDS patient may be detected by CT and MRI,but the definite diagnosis is still in need of combining with clinical appearances and other relative examination.

BACKGROUND: What are the influencing factors of serum uric acid of inhabitants from coastal area? What is the critical concentration of serum uric acid to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome?OBJECTIVE: To probe into the relationship between serum uric acid and metabolic syndrome in female inhabitants aged more than 20 years from coastal area of Shandong province.DESIGN: A clusting stratified random sampling survey.SETTING: Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University.PARTICIPANTS: The survey was carried out in the female inhabitants of five cities from coastal area of Shandong province (Qingdao, Rizhao, Yantai, Weihai and Dongying) between May and October 2004. The inhabitants, aged 20 to 80 years, lived there for 5 or more than 5 years, and they were natural crowd taking family as unit.METHODS: Investigations in the manner of entering every family and being on the spot were combined. Questionnaires were filled in on the first day, and fasting blood was taken to perform serum uric acid examination on the morning of the second day. For those with serum uric acid higher than normal, they were given rechecking on the third day, and education about prevention and treatment of gout and hyperuricemia was conducted at the same time.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Investigation on general condition:Including health status, diet, physical activity, labour intensity and economics. ② Investigation on nutrition: Consists of food intake frequency and dietary. ③ Body height, body mass, waistline, hip circum, blood pressure and body mass index. ④ Levels of fasting blood glucose(FBG), serum uric acid, total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), urea nitrogen (UN) and creatinine(Cr).RESULTS: ① With the increase of concentration of serum uric acid, levels of systolic pressure (SP), diastolic pressure (DP), pulse pressure (PP),body mass index(BMI) , waistline, waist-to-hip ratio(WHR), UN, Cr, TG,TC were all gradually increased. Each index was significantly higher in the serum uric acid 280-319 μmol/L group, serum uric acid 320-349 μmol/L group and serum uric acid ＞ 350 μmol/L group (hyperuricemia group)than that in serum uric acid ＜ 280 μmol/L (P ＜ 0.05-0.01 ), While the concentration of HDL-C was decreased with the increase of concentration of serum uric acid (all P ＜ 0.01). ② The incidence of hypertension, lipid metabolic disorder, overweight and obesity, glycometabolism disorder as well as metabolic syndrome was increased with the increase of uric acid;Compared with serum uric acid ＜ 280 μmol/L group, OR value of metabolic syndrome was 2.29(95%CI: 1.81-2.89),4.15(95%CI:3.10-5.55),4.96 (95%CI:3.85-6.39) in the serum uric acid 280-319 μmol/L group,320-349 μmol/L group and hyperuricemia group , respectively. ③Noncondition Logistic multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that age,hypertension, shellfish intake volume, UN, Cr, TG and WHR and light physical activity were the independent risk factors for female patients with hyperuricemia and HDL-C was protective factor.CONCLUSION: The incidence of metabolic syndrome is increased with the increase of concentration of serum uric acid in female inhabitants from coastal area of Shandong province. 280 μmol/L should be as the critical concentration of serum uric acid to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome.Controlling metabolic syndrome and reducing intake of shellfish and other marine products which contain high level of purine is one of means to prevent hyperuricemia. Clinical physicians should paid more attention to the pathopoiesis of hyperuricemia.

Objective: To synthesize the mammalian target of sirolimus(mTOR)inhibitor Torin2 and optimize the synthetic process. Methods: Starting from p-bromoaniline, the target product was obtained through amino bonding, cyclization, chlorination, bonding with 3-aminotoluene ring, oxidation, cyclization and Suzuki reaction. The synthetic conditions for the key intermediates 3 and 8 as well as the final product Torin2 were optimized by the orthogonal experiment. Results and Conclusion: The structures of the intermediates and the target compound were confirmed by MS and 1H NMR data. The total yield of the target compound synthesis increased from 3% to 18%, and no column chromatography was required for the target compound separation and purification, which thus makes it suitable for industrial production.

Objective To evaluate the imaging methods for cardiovascular malformations in Williams syndrome(WS).Methods Thirteen cases of WS(7 males and 6 females)aged 10 months to 13 years were involved in this study.All patients underwent chest X-ray radiography,electrocardiography.echocardiography and physical examination.3 cases underwent electronic beam computed tomography (EBCT),cardiac catheterization and angiography were performed in 8 cases.Results Twelve patients were referred to our hespital for cardiac murmur and 1 cnse for cyanosis after birth.7 patients were found with "elfin-like"facial features.6 patients with pulmonary arterial stenosis.2 Cases with patent ductus arteriosus.2 case8 with 8evere pulmonary hypertension and 1 case with total endocardial cushion defect.Sudden death occurred in 2 patients during and after catlleterization.respectively. Conclusions Conventional angiography is the golden standard for the diagnosis of cardiovascular malformations in WS.Noninvnsive methods such as MSCT and MRI should be suggested because of the risk of sudden death in conventional angiography.

Objective: To evaluate the changes of left and right ventricular function in patients after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI). Methods: A total of 8 patients with successful PPVI in our hospital from 2014-05-27 to 2015-03-25 were studied. The patients received pre-operative evaluation including clinical symptoms, plasma BNP levels, ECG, chest X-ray, echocardiography, CT and MRI examinations. Post-operative follow-up study was conducted at 6 months after PPVI to compare the ventricular functional changes. Results: The average age in 8 patients was 14-42 (25.4±8.1) years including 7 with tetralogy of Fallot correction and 1 with pulmonary stenosis plasty for 24 years. Echocardiography found that 3 patients with mid to large pulmonary regurgitation and 5 with large regurgitation. Compared with pre-operation, at 6 months after PPIV, all patients had decreased right ventricular end-diastolic diameter (RVEDD) as (44.0±4.8) mm vs (33.6±7.1) mm, right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (RVEDVI) (150.1±25.7) ml/m2 vs (111.4±39.1) ml/m2, RVESVI (107.8±21.5) ml/m2 vs (80.7±22.2) ml/m2 and right ventricular cardiac output (RV-CO) (6.8±1.3) L/min vs (4.9±0.8) L/min, but right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was similar (40.5±6.2) % vs (39.5±9.9) %, P>0.05; while
increased LVEDD (42.9±4.4) mm vs (46.1±3.0) mm, P<0.05, but LVEDVI (61.8±15.0) ml/m2 vs (72.4±17.6) ml/m2, LVESVI (47.8±12.4) ml/m2 vs (41.0±10.4) ml/m2, LVEF (50.9±5.5) % vs (52.8±6.7) % and LV-CO (3.7±1.0) L/min vs (4.2±1.0) L/min were similar, allP>0.05. Conclusion: PPVI may decrease right ventricular preload, improve its reverse remodeling and maintain systolic function at normal level in relevant patients; while the impacts on left ventricular function and geometry should be further studied.

Objective To evaluate the imaging diagnosis of anomalous origin of coronary artery from the pulmonary artery(ACAPA).Methods A total of 11 cases with ACAPA were included in the present study.Chest films,echocardiography,cardioangiography,and electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) were employed as diagnostic modalities.Macroscopic anatomy at operation was referred. Results Ten cases were classified as anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery(ALCAPA) and 1 case as anomalous origin of right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery(ARCAPA).They could not be diagnosed by chest films,but could be diagnosed by echocardiography in 3 cases,by EBCT in 1 case,and by cardioangiography in all cases.In ALCAPA,cardioangiography showed that the left coronary arteries arising from the posterior sinus or posterior wall of the pulmonary artery were perfused retrogradely via the collaterals from the dilated right coronary artery.In ARCAPA,the right coronary artery originated from the right sinus of the pulmonary artery.Gross anatomy at operation showed that the sites of the anomalous origins were the same as that of cardioangiography.Ischemic fibrosis of the anterior papillary muscles,mitral valve annulus enlargement,and prolapse of mitral valve,which led to mitral valve insufficiency,were found in 3 cases.Conclusion Chest film has limitation in the diagnosis and echocardiography should be further improved.Cardioangiography remains the “gold standard” of the preoperative diagnosis.

Objective To explore the prognosis and management of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with atrial septal defect(ASD) accompanied by AF after transcatheter closure of ASD. Methods During the period from July 2010 to May 2013, a total of 24 patients with ASD accompanied by AF were admitted to authors’ hospital to receive transcatheter closure of ASD. Electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray film and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) were performed before and one day after the operation. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone or at out-patient clinic interview. Results Successful occlusion of ASD was obtained in all patients, and in no patient the AF rhythm turned to sinus rhythm after the procedure. In one patient preoperative AF turned to postoperative atrial flutter, and AF recurred in one case who had received transcatheter ablation of AF before the procedure. One female patient developed gastric bleeding during the course of orally taking warfarin, and she died of cerebral infarction at three days after ceasing the use of warfarin. Of the 24 patients, no anticoagulant drug was used in 5 (20.8%), oral administration of aspirin was given in 7 (29.2%), and oral medication of warfarin was employed only in 11 (45.8%). Conclusion The spontaneous conversion rate of AF is very low in patients with ASD complicated by AF after transcatheter closure of ASD. Postoperative medication of anticoagulation should be strictly standardized and carefully managed.