Objective To investigate the efficacy of Saxagliptin on the glucose and lipids metabolism and adipokines levels in diet-induced insulin resistance rat,and to explore the regulatory mechanism of saxagliptin in insulin resistance.Methods 36 4-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups:control group (n=12) and high-glucose and fat diet group(HF,n =24).The HF rats were randomly divided into two subgroups:HF group and saxagliptin group,and continued the treatment for 8 weeks.Levels of blood glucose,insulin,triglyceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC),TNF-α and adiponectin were determined.Results After four months,serum levels of fasting glucose,insulin,TG,TC were significantly increased in HF group as compared with control group [(7.07±1.61) mmol/L vs.(5.10±0.44) mmol/L,(23.70±7.37) mU/L vs.(19.35 ± 6.38) mU/L],[(3.21± 1.44) mmol/L vs.(0.83 ± 0.39) mmol/L,(3.04 ± 1.62) mmol/L vs.(1.14±0.24) mmol/L,all P＜0.05],and were all decreased after the treatment of saxagliptin.The glucose infusion rate was lower in HF group than in control group and was higher in saxagliptin group than in HF group [(18.80±1.57) mg · kg-1 · min-1 vs.(24.31±2.65) mg · kg 1 · min 1,(21.45 ±1.80) mg· kg-1 · min-1 vs.(18.80±1.57) mg· kg 1 · min-1,P＜0.01 or 0.05].Compared with the control group,serum THF-α was higher and adiponectin level was lower in HF group [(1.38 ±0.18) μg/L vs.(2.33±0.21)μg/L,(2.65±0.29) mg/L vs.(1.38±0.20)mg/L,both P＜0.01].Saxagliptin can significantly increase the serum level of adiponectin and decrease the level of TNF-α in HF group (P＜0.01 or 0.05).Conclusions Saxagliptin treatment can improve high-fat dietinduced insulin resistance,decrease blood lipids levels and regulate the levels of adipokines in HF rats.

ObjectiveTo investigate the pathological characteristics of the expressions of associated proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells and infiltration of macrophages in elderly abdominal aortic aneurysms. MethodsHE stained slices, Van Gieson' s stained slices and immunohistochemical staining were applied to detect protein expression in the tissue sections of 15 cases of elderly abdominal aortic aneurysms and 6 cases of normal abdominal aorta. The protein expressions of α-smooth muscle actin, cathepsin B and CD68 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. ResultsCompared with normal abdominal aorta, the collagen content was higher in elderly abdominal aortic aneurysms [(9.3 ± 1.9) % vs. (5.3±1.8) %, P ＜ 0.05]. The levels ofexpression of cathepsin B and CD68 were higher in elderly abdominal aortic aneurysms than those in normal abdominal aorta , but the level of expression of α-SMA was lower in elderly abdominal aorticaneurysms than that in normal abdominal aorta[(0.38±0.07) vs. (0.135=0.06), (0.51±0.12) vs.(0.01±0.01), (0.23±0.05) vs. (0.335±0.05) ,respectively, all P＜0.05]. ConclusionsChanges in the expression of associated proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells and infiltration of macrophages may participate in the vascular walls destruction in elderly abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Objective To examine the correlation of imbalance of urinary exosome Th1/Th2 with diabetic nephropathy (DN).Methods A total of 120 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and 30 healthy volunteers as control were enrolled in the study.According to urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR),type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were divided into 3 groups:diabetes mellitus without nepbropathy group (DM,n=40,UACR＜30 mg/gCr),microalbuminuria group (DN 1,n=50,UACR-30～300 mg/gCr) and clinicoalbuminuria group (DN 2,n=30,UACR＞300 mg/gCr).Urine exosome-interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and exosome-interleukin 4 (IL-4) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Multiple stepwise linear regression was used to analyze the correlation of exosome-IFN-γ/IL-4 with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c),cholesterol (CH),UACR,Scr and BUN.Results Th1/Th2 ratio in DM,DN1,DN2 groups was significantly higher than that in healthy group (0.8089±0.2458,0.8993 ±0.3515,0.8571±0.2470 vs 0.6198±0.1769,all P＜0.01).Correlation analysis showed that urinary exosomeIFN-γ/IL-4 ratio was positively correlated with UACR (r=0.213,P=0.015) and BUN (r=0.292,P=0.001).Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that BUN was independent determinants for exosome-IFN-γ/IL-4 (β=0.246,P=0.006).Conclusion The imbalance of urinary exosomeTh1/Th2 is correlated with DN,which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of DN.