Clostridium (C.) difficile is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea in horses. Vancomycin and metronidazole have been used as standard treatments but are only moderately effective, which highlights the need for a novel alternative therapy. In the current study, we prepared antiserum of equine origin against both C. difficile toxins A and B as well as whole-cell bacteria. The toxin-neutralizing activities of the antibodies were evaluated in vitro and the prophylactic effects of in vivo passive immunotherapy were demonstrated using a conventional mouse model. The data demonstrated that immunized horses generated antibodies against both toxins A and B that possessed toxin-neutralizing activity. Additionally, mice treated with the antiserum lost less weight without any sign of illness and regained weight back to a normal range more rapidly compared to the control group when challenged orally with 10(7) C. difficile spores 1 day after serum injection. These results indicate that intravenous delivery of hyperimmune serum can protect animals from C. difficile challenge in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, immunotherapy may be a promising prophylactic strategy for preventing C. difficile infection in horses.
Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood/*immunology/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Proteins/immunology/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Toxins/immunology/therapeutic use ; Clostridium Infections/microbiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Clostridium difficile/*immunology ; Enterotoxins/immunology/therapeutic use ; Female ; Horse Diseases/microbiology/*prevention & control ; Horses ; Immune Sera/*immunology ; Immunization, Passive/*veterinary ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Spores, Bacterial/immunology