Investigation was made on the characteristics of farmwork and its effects on the health of people who engage in mixed farming (rice growing and dairy farming), cultivation of lotus roots, tulip growing, highland vegetable growing, rush growing, greenhouse cultivation of lotus, green pepper growing, chrysanthemum growing and vineyard management. Based on our findings, we pointed out several problems associated with rural medicine. As for a way of making workload assessment, we proposed a new method for analyzing postures farmers assume while they are working. We also suggested a modification to the cumulative fatigue symptoms index (CFSI) so as to make it suitable for farmers.

At the process of rush harvesting farmers are exposed to high concentratedusts of “sendo” for short times a day during 3 weeks in summer, and in continuously for all seasons low density of chronic long-term exposure of dusts are observed in the process of weaving.
We examined 320 rush farmers in Yatsushiro district in 1970 and found pneumoconiosis as1p in their direct chest x ray films, 32 men (18%) and 12 women (9%).
In 1975, 36 men and 34 women amang them were reexamined, contrasting their respiratory findings with that of the former examination. The chest x ray film of each subject was classified according to the ILO U/C International Classification of Pneumoconiosis 1971 (ILO).
In this definition, 15men (42%) and6women (18%) of the subjects were classified as pneumoconiosis (1/0, 1/1, 1/2) of the p type of rounded small opacities except one case of irregular type (s): on the contorary, 9men (25%) and 2 women (6%) in the formers. Thirteen cases of men (36%) and11cases of women (32%) showed increasing numbers of opacities and/or extention of disorder zones. It sugests that the intensity of lung disorders in rush farmers have been becomming slowly into more serioustages. Small opacities were seen in the middle and lower, especially lower (47%), zones of the lung. Adding, 3 men and 2 women were tuberculosis (activity uncertain) cases.
Twenty men (58%) and 15 women (42%) have complaints of respiratory symptoms, such as cough (17%), phlegm (34%), short breath (17%), wheezing (16%), and nasal catarrh (22%). Four men (14%) and5women (15%) showed slightly impairment of lung functions.
These findings shown in chest x ray films or respiratory symptoms were related significantly to the amount of cigarett smoking.
Increasing intensity of their respiratory disorders, we may consider, due to increasing dust exposure of “sendo” according to expantion of rush management. Then we must accomplish an improvement of working environment and hygienic control for dusts. In addition, we must exploit a new “sendo” containing less amount of free silica and technical improvements of working process.

Two hundreds and seventy one cases of sera of farmers (48.8±10.8 yr.) in mountain district of Kumamoto prefecture were examined by gel diffusion test for precipitins to M. faeni, T. vulgaris and other 12 antigens of fungus and pigeon proteins.
Ten positive sera (3.7%) from 271 sera tested were detected to M. faeni and 13 were to T. vulgaris. The confidence intervals (95%) of the positive ratiowas calculated 1.8%-6.6%and 2.3%-7.4%, respectively. To other 10 antigens 1-22 sera were positive, such as C. corticale (0.1%-2.7%, as confidence intervals), S.granarius (4.9%-11.4%), P. pullulans (0.4%-3.7%), Aspergillus mix (0.6%-4.2%), Pigeon serum & droppings (0.2%-3.1%), C. acremonium (0.8%-4.7%), T. viride (0.0%-2.0%), Candida (1.6%-6.2%) and P.casei (0.2%-3.1%). NO cases were positive toCladsporium and Alternaria. And 61 cases (17.5%-27.5%) were positive to at least one antigen of all 14 tested.
There was no significance of the proportions of positive reactions between male and female, or age groups. But higher percentagewas found in farmers longer experience of works with hay, straw and compost. Thepresence of a positive precipitin test has been considered as unsatisfactory criterion for the diagnosis of the farmer's lung. However, the findings of our survey suggest that farmers in West Japan has been exposed relatively high amount and/or various kinds of fungus antigens throughout the farm works with hay, straw and compost.

In the previous study, relatively high prevalence of asthma-like attacks associated with handling rushes was observed. In this connection, mass survey of the intradermal skin test (×10000, 0.02ml) by the extracts of rush (Juncus effusus L. var decipiens Buch. forma utilis Makino) and the dusts in the weaving room containing rushes, dyeing materials (sendo) and other house dusts was conducted for the rush farmers (65 males, 143 females), other farmers (21 males, 91 females) and women without farming (28 females). The results were summerized as follows.
1) The positive rates in skin test were estimated to be 7.7% for males and 2.1% for females of the rush farmers by the extracts of rush, and 23.1% for males, 10.5% for females by the extracts of dusts in the weaving room. On the centrally, 4.8% for males, 1.1% for females of the controlled farmers by the former extracts, and 19.0% for males, 8.8% for females by the latter extracts. And among females without farmiing, 0% and 3.6%, were positive respectively.
2) The positive rates were not associated with age, respiratory symptoms and past history of asthmalike anfall. The rush farmers were observed relatively higher percentages of positive reaction than the controlled groups, but not signifficantlly.
3) The results do not clarify the causative agent of antigen-antibody reaction to the asthmatic anfall among the rush farmers, but suggest that peoples, whether farmer or not farmer, may be sensitized by the rush antigen through the farm works and or using tatami mat and other rush products in daily life.

One hundred and thirty one city inhabitants, have been lived in Kumamoto city over 20 years, were examined by gel diffusion test for precipitins to 12 antigens of fungi and 2 pigeon proteins. And the prevalence of positive reactions to these antigens was compared with the former research for the farmers in mountain district in last year. The results were summerized as follows.
Fifteen positive sera of 131 tested (11.5%) were detected to c. acremonium. And, 6.7% to candida, 6.1% to s. granarius, 5.9% to p. pullulans, 3.8% to t. vulgaris, 1.5% to m. faeni and positive to other 7 antigens tested. Thirty seven cases (28.2%) were positive to at least one antigen of all 14 tested. The proportion of positive selological tests in city inhabitants was rather higher than that of the farmers. The results suggest that the city inhabitants in Kumamoto prefecture have been exposed relatively high amount and/ or various kinds of fungi antigens as well as farmer's case.

An epidemiolgical survey as well as a case study on the skin hazards due to dithiocarbamate fungicides, such as Maneb and Manzeb (Mancozeb), were carried out. The results were summarized as follows;
1. From the epidemiological survey, the incidence rate of skin lesions due to the dithiocarbamates in three areas were 42.4%(39/92), 43.3%(113/261) and 27.6%(42/151), respectively.
2. The skin lesions appeared generally in face, hands and nape of neck and collar areas and also in covered areas of the body such as breast, back and so forth.
3. By patch testing with a dithiocarbamate “Maneb” the positive reactions in 40 cases tested were observed in 18%, 23% and 15% of the subject with 0.1%, 0.05% and 0.025% preparations, respectively.
The results suggested that allergic type of contact dermatitis is involved in the skin hazard due to the dithiocarbamate fungicides.

In order to observe the actual work types and the work load of female farmers in various kinds of agriculture that have gradually become a large part of agriculture in Japan as a result of changes in the structure of agricultural production, the authors performed a questionnaire and interview with a large number of female farmers (2, 113) and women in non-agricultural households.
Greenhouse farming was the most common work type for female farmers, followed by tobacco cultivation. The jobs conventionally undertaken by men, that have required a large dynamic work load, have been progressively mechanized, while auxiliary work before and after machinary work remain as manual labor by women. Some clear differences in the work type between full-time farming and part-time farming of female farmers were observed. On the other hand, it does not seem to be easy to estimate the work strain due to the work loads as mentioned above.

In the farm household of “vegetable planting by plastic green house”, “mandarin orange”, “rush (igusa)”, “dairy-farming” and “silk worm”, measurement of energy expenditure in agricultural work and analysis of daily working hours were conducted at the busy season of each crops. The results are as follows:
The energy consumption per day are estimated respectively to be 3300 Cal for male and 2900 Cal for female in the household of the “plastic green house”; 3500 and 2500 Cal in the “mandarin orange”, 3800 and 3600 Cal in the “rush”, 3300 and 2700 Cal in the “dairy-farming”, 3400 and 2700 Cal in the “silk worm”.
The agricultural machines and tools are mainly operated by male and so attached muscular works not yet machanized are carried by female. And management of animals or crops specially required prudent care have a tendency to be also carried by female. Then the average relative metabolic rate (RMR) a working day is relatively higher in female than male, except “mandarin orange”.
In the “rush harvesting” and “dairy-farming”, having the most development of the agricultural mechanization it seems obviousely to be rising the labor efficiency, but because of expansion of management scale and decreasing number of employee the reduction of work load for a worker is not necessory obvious.

In a series of studies of the workload of lotus growers and their health condition, we checked up on the results of group health screening of lotus growers in comparison with those of other farmers among Tsuchiura agricultural cooperative members in 1992. During that year, we also carried out a time study of lotus cultiration from planting through harvesting. In 1993, we investigated the lifestyle and behavioral pattern of lotus growers. In 1994, an index of cummulative fatigue symptoms was made for lotus growers and loads exerted on their circulatory system were examined.
These studies brought to light hard facts about lotus growing. The farmers have to work in muddy fields laboriously, and for many hours at that, planting in the hottest season and harvesting in the coldest season for many hours. Even when they feel ill, they cannot afford to leave toiling off for their health. We found many signs and symptoms of physical disorder resulting from overwork and peculiar to lotus growing. To improve the working conditions of lotus growing, we recommended the use of the lotus center as a labor saving mode of work so as to facilitate the introduction of power harvesters or the use of greenhouses.
Although there are many socioeconomic issues such as aging of the farming populace, lack of successors and decline in agricultural economy, we will continue to make efforts at health control to protect the health and welfare of farmers by accumulating our knowlege through studies of the state of lotus farming and the health condition of the lotus farmers in other areas as well.

Since the first paper by Milham et al. suggested that occupational exposure to an electromagnetic field (EMF) could increase the risk of adult leukemia, many epidemiological studies on this problem have been published. In this report the method of meta−analysis was used to summarize the results from these papers quantitatively. The combined relative risk of all leukemia (RR=1.11), as well as acute lymphocytic leukemia (RR=1.38), acute myeloid leukemia (RR=1.07) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (RR=1.14) increased but not significantly. So far, it is difficult to make a consistent conclusion about the relationship of the occupational exposure to EMF and adult leukemia. Further carefully designed case−control and cohort studies using the more valid means of exposure assessment are required.
Leukemia ; Adult ; Risk ; Electromagnetic Fields ; Analysis of substances