To observe the germistatic and germicidal effects of origanum volatile oil (OVI) on the dysentery bacteria, the abdominal cavity of mice was infected with Shigella sonne (Sh. sonnei) and Shigella flexneri (Sh. flexneri) F2a. After OVI was given to the mice via gastric lavage, the effects of OVI on the infected mice were observed. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for dysentery bacteria were determined in vitro. The results showed that origanum volatile oil showed obvious protective effect on mice infected with Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri F2a and it had germistatic and germicidal effects on dysentry bacteria. We are led to conclude that origanum volatile oil is an effective medicine against the infection of dysentery bacteria.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Dysentery, Bacillary/*microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Oils, Volatile/*pharmacology ; Shigella flexneri/*drug effects ; Shigella flexneri/isolation & purification ; Shigella sonnei/*drug effects ; Shigella sonnei/isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the occurrence and drug resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing strains of Shigella in pediatric patients, so as to provide information for clinical treatment.

METHODA total of 59 strains of Shigella were isolated from stool specimens of hospitalized children with shigellosis from January 2004 to December 2008. The broth dilution test recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) was performed to detect the ESBLs producers. Susceptibility test was carried out by agar dilution method. Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603 were used as quality control strains.

RESULTOf the 59 isolates, 21 (35.6%) strains were identified as ESBLs producers. All of the 21 strains were detected by cefotaxime and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, only 5 (23.8%) were detected by ceftazidime and ceftazidime/clavulanic acid. Both ESBLs and non-ESBLs producers showed high resistance to penicillins. The resistance of ESBLs-producing strains to third and fourth-generation cephalosporins, aztreonam was significantly higher than that of non-ESBLs-producing strains, as well as sulphonamides and quinolones. The drugs sensitive to ESBLs producers were imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone/sulbactam and cefoxitin, with resistance rate of 0.0%, 0.0%, 14.3%, 9.5%, 14.3%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of ESBLs-producing Shigella in pediatric patients is at a high level in this area, and the enzyme-producing strains are multidrug resistant. It is recommended that the detection of ESBLs in Shigella should be carried out by microbiological laboratories. Any of the above 5 antibiotics of low resistance should be used according to the patient's condition.

Child ; Feces ; microbiology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Shigella ; Shigella dysenteriae ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; beta-Lactam Resistance

Objective: To analyze the pathogenic surveillance programs and related factors on bacillary dysentery in Beijing, 2008-2017, to provide evidence for the practices of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease. Methods: Analysis was conducted on surveillance data of bacillary dysentery, collected from the surveillance areas of national bacillary dysentery in Beijing. Shigella positive rate of stool samples were used as the gold standard while detection rate of Shigella, diagnostic accordance rate and resistance were computed on data from the surveillance programs. Chi-square test was used to compare the rates and unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of Shigella infection. Results: Both the reported incidence rate on bacillary dysentery and detection rate of Shigella in diarrhea patients showed significantly decreasing trend, from 2008 to 2017. The accordance rate of bacillary dysentery was only 7.80% (111/1 423). Shigella sonnei was the most frequently isolated strain (73.95%, 159/215) followed by Shigella flexnery. Results from the multivariate logistic regression of Shigella positive rate revealed that among those patients who were routine test of stool positive vs. routine test of stool positive (OR=1.863, 95%CI: 1.402-2.475), onset from July to October vs. other months'time (OR=7.271, 95%CI: 4.514-11.709) temperature ≥38 ℃vs. temperature <38 ℃(OR=4.516, 95%CI: 3.369-6.053) and age from 6 to 59 years old vs. other ages (OR=1.617, 95%CI: 1.085-2.410), presenting higher positive detection rates of Shigella from the stool tests. The resistant rates on ampicillin and nalidixic acid were 97.57% (201/206) and 94.90% (186/196), both higher than on other antibiotics. The resistant rates on ciprofloxacin (16.33%, 32/196), ofloxacin (9.57%, 11/115) and on amoxilin (15.05%, 31/206) were relatively low. The resistant rate appeared higher on Shigella flexnery than on Shigella sonnei. The proportion of strains with resistance on 3 more drugs, was 30.00%(21/70). Conclusions: The diagnostic accordance rate of bacillary dysentery in Beijing was low, with severe resistance of Shigella. Our findings suggested that clinicians should take multiple factors into account in their practices about epidemiological history, clinical symptom and testing results for diarrhea patients.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Beijing/epidemiology* ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Dysentery, Bacillary/prevention & control* ; Feces/microbiology* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Population Surveillance/methods* ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Shigella/isolation & purification* ; Shigella flexneri/isolation & purification* ; Shigella sonnei/isolation & purification* ; Young Adult

Shigella bacteremia occurs so rarely that blood culture is useless for the laboratory diagnosis of dysentery. S flexneri type 2 was isolated from a blood culture of a 3-year-old boy with clinical diagnosis of dysentery. A stool culture was negative for not only shigella but also other pathogenic bacteria. This was the only shigella-positive blood culture during the last 12 1/2 years although more than 1,200 cases of bacteriologically proven dysentery were encountered. One of the 4 bottles inoculated with 2 blood samples drawn on the 4th day of illness yielded numerous shigella and few Klebsiella pneumoniae colonies on subculture. On admission the patient was a moderately nourished boy with body temperature of 38 degrees C. The leukocyte count was 10,200/microliter with 29% neutrophils. No evidence of septicemia was noted. He was placed on antibiotics and fluid replacement. The patient was discharged in 6 days after full recovery.
Child, Preschool ; Dysentery, Bacillary/microbiology* ; Human ; Male ; Septicemia/microbiology* ; Shigella flexneri/isolation & purification*

OBJECTIVETo understand the biochemical characteristics, virulence genes and pathogenicity of Shigella flexneri Xv isolated in Beijing.

METHODS61 strains of S. flexneri Xv isolated from diarrhea patients in Beijing were systematically determined through biochemical reactions and serological tests. Application of PCR technique in detection of virulence genes on ipaH, sen, virF, ial and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to identify the related characteristics and on rat lung slices to determine its pathogenicity.

RESULTSAll of the S. flexneri Xv could ferment glucose, mannitol, melibiose and arabinose. Using serum agglutination, we found that the antigen structure was (IV: 7, 8). IpaH, sen, virF and ial that carried rates of virulence genes appeared to be 100%, 81.97%, 75.41% and 80.30%, respectively. Among 61 strains of S. flexneri Xv, the PFGE typing of Shigella bacteria could be divided into 25 belt types while the results from rat lung slices showed inflammatory change of Xv.

CONCLUSIONS. flexneri Xv was found that it carried high rate of Shigella virulence genes, exhibiting genetic polymorphism and highly invasive.

Animals ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Rats ; Shigella flexneri ; classification ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Virulence ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo analyze the genetic relations of Shigella isolated from Shenzhen in 2001-2006 and develop primary molecular subtyping surveillance network of Shigella.

METHODSChromosomal DNAs from 55 isolated in agarose were digested with the restriction enzyme Xba I, and then were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were clustered using BioNumerics software.

RESULTSAll 41 distinctive PFGE patterns were identified among 55 strains. 32 strains belonged to one cluster. Differences were observed in other strains.

CONCLUSIONBoth genetic-related clones and non-related clones of Shigella existed in Shenzhen. The development of PFGE molecular subtyping surveillance network would contribute to the active surveillance, outbreak investigation and source tracking for Shigellosis.

Bacterial Typing Techniques ; China ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; methods ; Feces ; microbiology ; Humans ; Shigella ; classification ; isolation & purification

BACKGROUND: This study was designed as a quasi-experiment to evaluate automatic inoculation of fecal specimens, using the automated specimen inoculator Previ Isola (bioMerieux, France). METHODS: We evaluated the quality of cultures, recovery rates of enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Yersinia species), and cost-effectiveness in terms of technical time. The Previ Isola recovery rates for the two-year period from August 2009 to July 2011 were compared with historical manual inoculation data of the previous two years (August 2007 to July 2009). The regional (Baden-Wurttemberg) and nationwide (Germany) trends of recovery rates for this four-year period were referred. RESULTS: A total of 5,884 fecal specimens were collected over the study period. Most positive cultures were for Salmonella, followed by Campylobacter. Compared with the historical data, the numbers of Campylobacter-positive specimens for a year between August and July were increased significantly, from 19 in 2007-2008 and 10 in 2008-2009 to 32 in 2009-2010 (P=0.002) and 32 in 2010-2011 (P=0.003), respectively. During the study period, the official data for our region and nationwide did not show this increase in the recovery rate of Campylobacter. For Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia, no significant changes were observed. Compared with manual inoculation, the mean hands-on time with Previ Isola inoculation was significantly shortened, from 37:30 min to 8:42 min per 15 fecal specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Inoculation by Previ Isola improves the quality of routine culture of fecal specimens, with better sensitivity for Campylobacter and less hands-on time.
Automation ; Bacteria/*isolation & purification ; Bacteriological Techniques/*methods/standards ; Campylobacter/isolation & purification ; Feces/*microbiology ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Salmonella/isolation & purification ; Shigella/isolation & purification ; Yersinia/isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo develop a rapid and definite diagnostic test of bacterial enteritis caused by pathogenic enterobacteria, the most frequent etiologic agent of infectious enteritis in the world.

METHODSA set of conventional PCR assays were applied to detect and identify salmonella, shigella, and E. coli O157:H7 directly from pure culture and fecal samples. The general primers of pathogenic enterobacteria were located on the uidA gene, which were found not only in E. coli nuclear acid, but also in shigella and salmonella genes. Shigella primer was from ipaH gene whose coded invasive plasmid relative antigen existed both in plasmid and in genome. The primers of salmonella were designed from the 16SrRNA sequence. The primer of E. coli O157:H7 was taken from eaeA gene. Five random primers were selected for RAPD. The detection system included common PCR, semi-nested PCR and RAPD.

RESULTSThis method was more sensitive, specific and efficient and its processing was rapid and simple. For example, the method could be used to specifically detect and identify salmonella, shigella, and E. coli O157:H7, and its sensitivity ranged from 3 to 50 CFU, and its detection time was 4 hours.

CONCLUSIONThis PCR method, therefore, can serve as a routine and practical protocol for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms from clinical samples.

DNA Primers ; DNA, Bacterial ; analysis ; Escherichia coli O157 ; isolation & purification ; Feces ; microbiology ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Salmonella typhi ; isolation & purification ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Shigella flexneri ; isolation & purification

To observe the germistatic and germicidal effects of origanum volatile oil (OVI) on the dysentery bacteria, the abdominal cavity of mice was infected with Shigella sonne (Sh. sonnei) and Shigella flexneri (Sh. flexneri) F2a. After OVI was given to the mice via gastric lavage, the effects of OVI on the infected mice were observed. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for dysentery bacteria were determined in vitro. The results showed that origanum volatile oil showed obvious protective effect on mice infected with Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri F2a and it had germistatic and germicidal effects on dysentry bacteria. We are led to conclude that origanum volatile oil is an effective medicine against the infection of dysentery bacteria.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Dysentery, Bacillary ; microbiology ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Oils, Volatile ; pharmacology ; Shigella flexneri ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Shigella sonnei ; drug effects ; isolation & purification

China ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Dysentery, Bacillary ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Humans ; Serotyping ; Shigella ; classification ; drug effects ; isolation & purification