Objective To study the effect of Smad4 gene on angiogenesis related factors in human gastric cancer cell line.Methods Recombinant eukaryotie expressing plasmid pcDNA3.1 (-)-Smad4 containing Smad4 gene and empty vector pcDNA3.1 (-) were introduced into human gastric cancer cell line MKN28 using lipofectam and selected by G418,respectively.Two cell lines were obtained as follows:Smad4+-MKN28 cell line which was MKN28 transfected with a stable hybrid containing Smad4 gene and Smad4--MKN28 cell line with empty plasmid as control.The transcription and expression of VEGF and TSP1 were investigated by RT-PCR and Western blot.Results The mRNA expression of TSP1 in Smad4+-MKN28 cells was higher (P＜0.05) than that in control cells,while VEGF was lower(P＜0.05).Western blot showed the consistent results as measurement by RT-PCR.Conclusion Smad4 restoration in gastric cancer cells reduced angiogenesis rates through down-regulation of angiogenesis activitor and up-regulation of angiogenesis inhibitor.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and clinical value of double-balloon endoscopy in subjects of failed conventional colonoseopy and gastro-intestinal tract modified surgery.Methods Doubleballoon endoscopy was performed in thirty-two subjects of failed conventional colonoscopy,three and nine patients of previous subtotal gastrectomy with BillrothⅡand gastro-intestinal modified surgery for various clinical manifestations.Suceessful intubation rates of terminal ileum or cecum in colonoscopic failure patients,afferent and efferent loop intubation in patients of BillrothⅡand alimentary tract modified surgery,were recorded and diagnostic yields in these patients were also observed.Results The endoscopy was successfully intubated into terminal ileum or cecum in 29 subjects,the intubated rate was 90.6%,the endoscopic diagnosis was obtained in 7 subjects,and endoscopic treatment was performed in 3 subjects.The endoscopy was successfully inserted in terminus of afferent loop and 150-180 cm of efferent below the anastomosis in all 3 patients of Billroth type Ⅱ gastrectomy,and the diagnosis was all clarified.And endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed in one patient.Five of nine patients with previous alimentary tract modified surgery had lesions detected after endoscopic procedure,and double-balloon endoscopy could have a thorough visualization on operated area and suspected region as needed.Abdominal pain and melaena were observed in 8 and 3 subjects respectively.Transient urine amylase elevation was found in one patient.The symptoms were alleviated and amylase was returned to normal after treatment.Conclusions Double-balloon endoscopy was a safe and feasible remediai endoscopic procedure with high diagnostic yields and endotherapeutic interventional capability,in patients of failed conventional colonoscopy and previous BillrothⅡgastrectomy and alimentary modified surgery.

involved,reexamination with colonoscopy is reconanended.

Objective To investigate the value of double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) and multi-slice CT enteroclysis (MSCTE) in diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD) in small intestine. Methods DBE and MSCTE were performed in 71 patients with suspected Crohn's disease in small intestine. The two methods were compared in terms of diagnosis, extents of disease, existance of complications and activity of the disease according to the pathologic findings and the outcome of follow-up. Results The diagnostic yields of DBE and MSCTE were comparable with no significant difference (χ2=2.29, P> 0.05). The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 22.5 and 0. 022 in DBE respectively, and were 1.6 and 0. 240 in MSCTE respectively. The results of DBE was consistent with MSCTE in diagnosis of mild bowel stenosis, but was inconsistent with MSCTE in diagnosis of moderate-severe bowel stenosis (χ2=11.298, P=0.001). The concordance of two methods in diagnosis of disease activity was 95.8%. Conclusions The first choice in diagnosis of small bowel CD is DBE. The combination of two methods will be helpful in diagnosis and evaluation of CD severity.

Objective To investigate the role of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in the evolution of detection and surgical treatment of small bowel stromal tumors (SBSTs),based on nine years experience.Methods In this retrospective study,193 patients with localized SBSTs were divided into the CT-enterography (CTE) and/or DBE group (n =100) and conventional modalities group (n =93).These patients were further divided into the open surgery group (n =126) and laparoscopy-assisted resection group (n =67).The development of clinical diagnosis and surgical treatment strategies were compared before and after the introduction of DBE.Results The average age and tumor size were significantly smaller in the CTE and/or DBE group than those in the conventional modalities group,respectively (age:50.9 ± 12.1 vs.56.9 ± 11.6 years; tumor size:3.6 ± 1.3 vs.6.1 ± 2.6 cm,P ＜ 0.01).Before the introduction of DBE (from January 2001 to December 2002),all patients underwent conventional modalities,and only 4 cases/year for open surgery.Afterward,from January 2003 to December 2004,84.6％ (11/13) of SBSTs were detected by DBE.From January 2005 to December 2008,50.0％ (23/46) of SBSTs were found by CTE combination with DBE.From January 2009 to December 2011,80.5％ (33/41) of SBSTs were diagnosed by CTE,and the number of patients underwent operation increased up to 25 cases/year,which was nearly 5.3 folds higher than that before the introduction of DBE.Sixty-seven patients were successfully operated by laparoscopy-assisted resection,82.1％ (55/67) of them were detected by CTE ands/or DBE,89.1％ (49/55) of whom had low-or intermediate-risk SBSTs.Conclusion DBE plays an important role in optimizing the algorithm of detection and treatment of SBSTs.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of double-balloon enteroscopy( DBE)in as-sessing the effect of mucosal healing in patients with moderate small bowel Crohn's disease( CD)treated with low-dose azathioprine. Methods CD patients who were naive to any immunomodulators or biological a-gents with lesions mainly located in ileu were screened by multislice CT enterography and anal-route DBE at baseline. Lesions at 150 cm proximal to ileocecal valve were assessed by DBE with Simple Endoscopic Score for CD( SES-CD)after 12 and 24 months of low-dose azathioprine treatment,respectively. Results A total of 36 patients were enrolled and the average tolerated dose of azathioprine was(61. 8 ± 17. 2)mg/day. The total rates of complete,near-complete,partial and no mucosal healing in 36 patients were 19. 4%(7/36), 5. 6%(2/36),27. 8%(10/36),and 47. 2%(17/36)at month 12 and 30. 6%(11/36),25. 0%(9/36), 33. 3%(12/36),and 11. 1%(4/36)at month 24,respectively. The baseline SES-CD score(OR=2. 71, 95%CI:1. 11-6. 63,P=0. 029)and duration of disease(OR=1. 27,95%CI:1. 10-1. 47,P =0. 001) were two relevant factors associated with mucosal healing of small bowel CD. Conclusion DBE has a signif-icant advantage in assessing post-therapy mucosal healing for patients with small bowel CD. The optimal time point for the first follow-up by DBE is at least 12 months after low-dose azathioprine treatment.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic yield and accuracy of double balloon enteroscopy, barium enteroclysis and capsule endoscopy in patients with suspicion of small bowel tumors. Methods Double balloon enteroscopy were performed in fifty nine patients with suspicion of small bowel tumors.The route of enteroscopy could be either via mouth or via anus.At the same time,34 and 17 out of 59 subjects received either barium enteroclysis or capsule endoscopy.The results of exams were analyzed independently and final diagnosis of each case was compared thereafter.Results Nineteen of 34 patients undergone the enteroclysis were diagnosed as small bowel tumor.The diagnostic yield was 55.9%.The diagnosis was finally confirmed by the enteroscopy in 12 cases,which indicated the accurate rate of enteroclysis was 63.2%(12/19).Double balloon enteroscopy detected tumors in 3 of 15 subjects with negative enteroclysis finding.The diagnostic yield of capsule endosocpy was 47.1%(8/17),and among the 8 cases diagnosis was comfirmed by the enteroscopy in 4 cases.Small bowel tumors were detected in 2 of 9 cases with negative capsule endoscopy findings.Thirty-six cases of small bowel tumor were detected by double balloon enteroscopy via a route(mouth or anus),and 16 patients were diagnosed after both route procedure.No small bowel tumor was found in 7 paitents.The overall diagnostic yield of enteroscopy was 88.1%.The diagnosis were all finally confirmed by pathological examination.No procedure-related complication were observed.Conclusion Double balloon enteroscopy is superior to enteroclysis and capsule endoscopy in diagnostic yield and accuracy for small bowel tumors.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and limitation of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) on the diagnosis of gastrointestinal submucosal tumor (SMT) prior to endoscopic resection.Methods Data of 211 patients,who were confirmed as gastrointestinal SMT before operation and received endoscopic resection for gastrointestinal submucosal tumor at Department of Gastroenterology,Shanghai Ruijin Hospital from January 2016 to December 2018 were analyzed.The value and limitation of EUS for SMT were investigated according to the final pathology.Results For the lesion distribution,66 were in esophagus,108 in stomach,2 in duodenum and 35 in rectum.The accuracy of tumor origin by EUS was 99.5％ (210/211).The accuracy of tumor nature by EUS was 75.8％ (160/211).For the lesions originated from different locations,the diagnostic accuracy for lesion originated from esophageal mucosa/submucosa,esophageal muscularis propria,gastric mucosa/submucosa,gastric muscularis propria,duodenal submucosa,rectal mucosa/submucosa by EUS were 90.0％ (54/60),83.3％ (5/6),31.0％ (13/42),89.4％ (59/66),50.0％(1/2),82.9％ (29/35),respectively.With respect to hypoechoic lesions,leiomyoma,leiomyoma/gastrointestinal stromal tumor,and neuroendocrine tumor were the predominant type of tumor originated from esophageal mucosa,gastrointestinal muscularis propria and rectal mucosa/submucosal,respectively.Conclusion Although EUS is indispensible for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal submucosal tumor,it plays a limited role in the differential diagnosis of various lesions originated from gastric mucosa and submucosa.Since part of the submucosal tumors may be potential for malignant development,an diagnosis made by EUS should be more careful.

Objective: To clarify the feasibility and safety of magnetically guided capsule endoscopy (MGCE) in minors. Methods: A descriptive cohort study was carried out to retrospectively collect the data of minors (<18 years) who underwent MGCE in Ruijin Hospital from April 2015 to October 2018. Exclusion criteria: patients with dysphagia, obvious gastrointestinal bleeding, diagnosed or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, or congenital gastrointestinal malformations or intestinal fistula; patients with previous bowel surgery, or in poor general condition; patients with implants; pregnant patients; patients with incomplete data or without data. A total of 218 patients, including 122 males and 96 females, with mean age of (12.0±3.1) (5-17) years and 236 times of examination were included. The capsule size of the Ankon MGCE system was 11.8 mm×27 mm, taking two pictures per second, with a viewing angle of 140 degrees. Data of gastric visualization (0% to 100%), gastric cleanliness (satisfactory cleanliness was defined as a clear display of the gastric mucosa; the effect of bubbles or mucus on the visual field was negligible, or the gastric mucosa was slightly blurred; a small amount of air bubbles or mucus affected slightly the field of view), gastric or small bowel examination time, lesion detection rate, etc. were recorded. All the patients were followed up for 2 weeks to confirm capsule excretion and to record adverse events. Results: A total of 202 patients (217 times) completed gastric examination and 112 patients (125 times) completed small bowel examination. The median gastric visualization of cardia, fundus, body, angulus, antrum and pylorus was 100%, 90% (75%,100%), 100% (80%,100%), 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The cleanliness of the gastric cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum, and pylorus was assessed to be satisfactory in 100.0%, 76.5% (153/200), 92.5% (185/200), 97.5% (195/200), 99.5% (199/200), and 100.0% of patients, respectively. In 202 patients undergoing gastric examination, the median gastric exanimation time was 10.5 (7.3, 13.9) minutes. In 112 patients undergoing small bowel examination, the median gastric transit time was 51.5 (20.6, 112.0) minutes and the median small bowel transit time was 232.4 (181.8, 321.6) minutes. The small bowel transit rate was 91.1% (102/112). The lesion detection rates of stomach, duodenum and jejunoileum were 18.8% (38/202), 8.1% (10/124) and 26.8% (30/112) respectively. No complications or adverse events occurred. Conclusion MGCE is feasible and safe to detect both gastric cavity and small bowel in minors.

Objective To compare the clinical choosing principles of sedated colonoscopy with con-ventional colonoscopy. Methods Outpatients who were willing to accept colonoscopy with or without seda-tion were prospectively recruited,which were assigned to sedated colonoscopy group(n=362)and conven-tional colonoscopy group(n=323). All patients and endoscopists were asked to answer a self-administered questionnaire. The colonoscopy completion,operation time,procedure-related discomfort,and questionnaire results of the two groups were compared and statistically analyzed. Results The completion rate was 98. 9%in the sedated colonoscopy group(358/362)and 89. 8% in the conventional colonoscopy group(290/323) ( P=0. 337 ). The operation time of sedated and conventional group were( 5. 60 ± 3. 25 ) minutes and (7. 71 ± 5. 70)minutes respectively(P<0. 001). And the average cost was CNY 886. 54 per patient in se-dated group and CNY 386. 00 per patient in the conventional group. Patient satisfaction score of conventional group and sedated group were 4(3-4)and 3(2-3)points(P<0. 001),while endoscopist satisfaction score was 4(3-4)and 4(4-4)(P<0. 001). A total of 354 patients(97. 79%)in the sedated group and 225 pa-tients(69. 66%)in the conventional group showed willingness to repeat the identical colonoscopy( P <0. 001). Patients who were male(P=0. 035),having no past abdominal operations(P<0. 001),or no ab-dominal pain during colonoscopy( P =0. 015 )in the conventional group preferred to repeat conventional colonoscopy. Conclusion Although the examination time of conventional colonoscopy is longer than sedated colonoscopy,it could reduce anesthesia risk and the cost. Conventional colonoscopy remains an irreplaceable examination of colorectal diseases in developing countries. Physicians should not only focus on patients'com-fort during endoscopy,but also help patients make a decision based on their actual situation and endoscopic indications to make the best of medical resources.