In this paper,the classification,application and advantages of three-dimensional (3D) printing in biomedical engineering are summarized.The working principles of 3D printing,stereolithography,fused deposition modeling,selective laser sintering and 3D spray printing,as well as merits,demerits and recent progress are reviewed.The 3D printing has been widely used in the synthetic of bone tissue engineering scaffolds,with biodegradable and bioactive materials in the scaffold.Synthetic bone materials and surgical simulation by 3D printing technology are increasingly common and has achieved satisfactory results in China.Although 3D printing technology has developed rapidly,development of suitable biomaterials and improving relevant techniques are still urgent issues.Up to now,the functionalization of bionic organs is the most difficult issue,in which the cell co-culture,vascularization and preparation of the scaffolds are problem to be solved.The 3D printing technology will make remarkable achievements for the regeneration and repair of human organ through our efforts.

Objective To investigate the causes of infertility and its pathological mechanism in female SD rats with spontaneous dwarfism(short stature rat,SSR).Methods Adult wildtype and SSR female SD rats were used in this study.A vaginal smear was used to observe changes in the motile cycle.Ovulation promotion was compared using the simultaneous estrus supernumerary ovulation method.Ovarian and uterine weight and body weight,and ovarian and uterine indices were measured.AMH,E2,FSH,LH,and FSH/LH levels in serum were measured.Transcriptome sequencing of ovarian tissues was performed to analyze gene expression differences.Results No abnormalities were observed in the estrous cycle of SSR female rats.The body weight of SSR female rats was significantly lower than that of wildtype rats,and their ovarian and uterine indices were significantly higher than that of wildtype rats.The mean number of ovulations was significantly higher in wildtype rats than in SSR female infertile rats(P<0.001).Serum AMH(P<0.01)and E2(P<0.05)levels were significantly higher in wildtype rats than in SSR female infertile rats,and serum levels of FSH,LH,and FSH/LH(P<0.05)were significantly lower in SSR infertile females than in SSR infertile rats,while PROG showed no significant difference.Transcriptome sequencing yielded 250 differentially expressed genes,including 190 upregulated and 60 downregulated genes.p53 signaling pathway and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction.The MCC,MNC,EPC,and degree calculations of the CytoHubba plug-in were used to screen the top 10 significant nodes.The intersection was used to finally obtain nine hub genes,namely Cxcl1,Cxcl2,IL1a,IL1b,Cd80,Mmp13,Mmp8,Fgf3,and Ptgs2.Conclusions Infertility in SSR female rats may be related to a decreased ovarian reserve function and poor ovarian response.Cxcl1,Cxcl2,IL1a,IL1b,Cd80,Mmp13,Mmp8,Fgf3,and Ptgs2 were associated with infertility,laying a theoretical foundation to further explore infertility mechanisms.

Pregnancy in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) is associated with high maternal mortality rates of 30%‒50%, or even up to 65% in the case of a cesarean section (Yuan, 2016). Here, we report a case of term pregnancy complicated with ES and severe pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), which was managed by a multidisciplinary team (MDT) and resulted in an uncomplicated delivery via elective cesarean section. The goal of this study is to emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary approach in the management of pregnancy with ES, which can profoundly improve maternal and infant outcomes.
Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Cesarean Section ; Eisenmenger Complex/therapy* ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/therapy* ; Maternal Mortality ; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/therapy* ; Pregnancy Outcome

Objective: To explore the improvement rate of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection who received entecavir alone or in combination with anluohuaxianwan for 78 weeks. Methods: Patients with chronic HBV infection were randomly treated with entecavir alone or in combination with anluohuaxian for 78 weeks. Ishak fibrosis score was used for blind interpretation of liver biopsy specimens. The improvement in liver fibrosis condition before and after the treatment was compared. Student's t test and non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney U-Test and Kruskal-Wallis test) were used to analyze the measurement data. The categorical variables were analyzed by Chi-square test method and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test bivariate associations. Results: Liver fibrosis improvement rate after 78 weeks of treatment was 36.53% (80/219) and the progression rate was 23.29% (51/219). The improvement of liver fibrosis was associated to the degree of baseline fibrosis and treatment methods (P < 0.05). The improvement rate of hepatic fibrosis in patients treated with anluohuaxianwan combined with entecavir at baseline F < 3 (54.74%, 52/95) was significantly higher than that in patients treated only with entecavir (33.33%, 16/48), P = 0.016 and the progression rate of hepatic fibrosis (13.68%, 13/95) was lower than that in patients treated alone (18.75%, 9/48), P = 0.466. In patients with baseline F < 3, the proportion of patients with improved and stable liver fibrosis in the combined treatment group (68.1%, 32/47) was higher than that in the treatment group alone (51.7%, 15/29). Conclusion Combined anluohuaxianwan and entecavir treatment can significantly improve the improvement rate of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Furthermore, it has the tendency to improve the stability rate and reduce the rate of progression of liver fibrosis.