Objective The study was to evaluate DWI for quantifying liver fibrosis. Methods A total of 12 volunteers, 47 patients who had chronic HBV or HCV hepatitis and underwent liver biopsy [Scheuer score for fibrosis(S) and inflammation(G)] were enrolled in this study. They were scanned using a 1.5 T MR unit with b value of 0,250,500,750, 1000 s/mm~2. ADCs at b_(250-1000) and b_(500-1000) were the average ADCs of b=250, 500, 750, 1000 s/mm~2 and b=500, 750, 1000 s/mm~2. The studied the correlation between Scbeuer scores and ADC values, and conducted Mann-Whitney U test and Logistic regression to evaluate ADC for prediction of fibrosis scores. Results The average ADCs were (1.41± 0.11),(1.37±0.09), (1.27±0.05), (1.26±0.04), (1.22±0.06) mm~2/s respectively from SO to S4, stage at b=750 s/mm~2 (F=18.31, P<0.01). With the increase of fibrosis score, the average ADC decreased gradually, the two were better negatively correlated at b_(250-1000)(r=-0.727, P<0.01) than other b values. Using b_(750) and the two combined b values, the found significantly lower ADCs in S2 or greater versus S1 or less and in S3 or greater versus S2 or less fibrosis (P<0.01). The best predictor for S2 or greater was b_(750) with the largest AUC of 0.909, sensitivity of 85.7%, and specificity of 100.0% (ADC ≤1.35×10~(-3) mm~2/s). The best predictor for S3 or greater was b_(250-1000) with the largest AUC of 0.864, sensitivity of 69.6%, and specificity of 95.8% (ADC≤1.53×10~(-3) mm~2/s). Conclusion DWI can be a good predictor for scoring liver fibrosis for S2 or S3 stage above, while b_(750) and the combined b values are suitable for evaluation.

Objective To investigate the changes in trafficking of GluRl-containing AMPA (GluR1-AMPA) receptor and GluR2-AMPA receptor from cytoplasm to cell membrane in the spinal cord dorsal horn in a rat model of incisional pain.Methods Thirty-two adult male SD rats aged 6-8 weeks weighing 280-300 g were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (group C,n =8) and incisional pain group (group Ⅰ,n =24).An 1 cm long incision was made in the plautar surface of right hindpaw according to Brennan et al.in group Ⅰ.Cumulative pain score (CPS) and paw-withdrawal threshold to yon Frey stimuli (PWT) were measured at 3 h and day 1 and 3 afar incision ( T1,2,3 ).The animals were sacrificed after pain behavior assessment.Their lumbar segments of the spinal cord (L3-6) were removed.The expression of GluR1 and GluR2 in cell membrane and cytoplasm in spinal cord dorsal horn was determined by Western blot analysis.The co-expression of Stargazing with GluR1 and GluR2 in the spinal cord dorsal horn was examined by co-immuno-precipitation.Results The CPS was increased and PWT decreased; the GluR1 expression in cytoplasm was decreased while the expression of GluR1 in cell membrane and the co-expression of Stargazing with GluR1 were up-regulated in group Ⅰ as compared with group C.There was no significant change in the expression of GluR2 in cytoplasm and cell membrane and the co-expression of Stargazing with GluR2 in group Ⅰ as compared with group C.Conclusion GluR1-AMPA receptor transfers from cytoplasm to cell membrane but GluR2-AMPA receptor does not in rats with incisional pain.

Endocardial Cushion Defects ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lung ; abnormalities ; Lung Diseases ; complications ; congenital

BACKGROUND: For treatment of femoral neck fracture, all therapies with the exception of joint replacement encounter the problems including slow healing, poor prognosis, various complications, and unable to bear weight for long time. Fracture hip supporting joint (FHSJ) is a novel unlimited hip support implement that possesses the double functions of fracture fixation and joint supporting and can be used to prevent and treat the complications of femoral neck fracture in young people.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanical effects of FHSJ on treatment of femoral neck fracture.METHODS: Three types of two-dimensional finite element models were constructed by AutoCAD: normal hip (group A), femoral neck fracture fixed with two screws (group B), and femoral neck fracture fixed with two screws and FHSJ (group C). The grids of two-dimensional four nodal point elements were divided by ANSYS (PLANE82). Under the identical condition, the calculations were performed respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The stress peak value of femoral head weight-bearing zone was 1.029 and 1.63 MPa in group A and group B, respectively, and that in the group C was 0.1-0.4 MPa. The stress peak value of the screws was 37.186 and 7.474 MPa in the group B and group C, respectively. These results indicate that FHSJ installation based on fixation of multiple screws could promote the recovery of femoral head and neck, which exhibits promising prospects in treatment of femoral neck fracture in young people.

Objective: To improve the economic and technical indicator’s evaluation system and the essential medicines’ centralized bidding procurement practice in China. Methods:By using the literature analysis, comparative analysis and field survey, we collected and analyzed the implementation plans and regulations for the essential medicines’ centralized bidding procurement in 30 provinces. Results: The quality level classification lacks in preci-sion. The economic and technical indicator’s concentration grade is low, the score and content in each indicator un-reasonably fluctuates in different provinces and these indicators are of low efficiency in bond with their structures for the drug quality evaluation. The quality level indicator lacks in the distinction degree and the government’s unreason-able interference exists in competition. Conclusions and suggestions: The quality levels’ indicator type and number should be simplified. The economic and technical indicators’ function, content, score, weight value and the structure should be normatively and scientifically set to improve the efficiency during the drug quality evaluation and the gov-ernment should strive to play their role in the market.

Objective To evaluate the effect of pretreatment with botulinum toxin A injected intrath?ecally or locally at the incision site on the neurokinin?1 ( NK?1) receptor internalization in the spinal dorsal horn in a rat model of incisional pain. Methods Male Sprague?Dawley rats, weighing 280-300 g, aged 6-8 weeks, were used in the study. The experiment was performed in two parts. ExperimentⅠ Twenty?seven rats with no sign of nerve injury at day 7 after successful catheterization were selected and divided into 3 groups (n=9 each) using a random number table: control group (C1 group), incisional pain group (IP1 group) and intrathecal botulinum toxin A group (BoNT∕A1 group). At 24 h before operation, botulinum tox?in A 0.5 U ( in 10μl of normal saline) was injected intrathecally in group BoNT∕A1, and normal saline 10μl was injected intrathecally in group IP1. ExperimentⅡ Twenty?seven rats were selected and divided into 3 groups (n=9 each) using a random number table: control group (group C2), incisional pain group (IP2 group) and locally injected botulinum toxin A at the incision site group (BoNT∕A2 group). At 24 h before op?eration, botulinum toxin A 2 U ( in 0.4 ml of normal saline) was injected subcutaneously at the incision site and into the plantar surface, and normal saline 0.4 ml was injected subcutaneously at the incision site and into the plantar surface in group IP2. Six rats in each group were selected, and the cumulative pain score (CPS) was recorded, and the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold ( MWT) in the right hindpaw was measured be?fore administration, before operation, and at 3 h and 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after operation. At 3 h after opera?tion, 3 rats in each group were selected and sacrificed, and the lumbar segment ( L4,5 ) of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of NK?1 receptors in the spinal dorsal horn by immunofluores?cence. Results ExperimentⅠ Compared with group C1, the CPS was significantly increased at 3 h and 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after operation, the MWT was significantly decreased at 3 h and 1 and 3 days after opera?tion, and the expression of NK?1 receptors in the spinal dorsal horn was significantly up?regulated in group IP1, and the CPS was significantly increased at 3 h and 1, 3 and 5 days after operation, the MWT was sig?nificantly decreased at 3 h after operation ( P<0.05) , and no significant change was found in the expression of NK?1 receptors in the spinal dorsal horn in group BoNT∕A1 (P>0.05). Compared with group IP1, the CPS was significantly decreased, and the MWT was significantly increased at 3 h and 1, 3, and 5 days after oper?ation, and the expression of NK?1 receptors in the spinal dorsal horn was significantly down?regulated in group BoNT∕A1 (P<0.05). ExperimentⅡ Compared with group C2, the CPS was significantly increased at 3 h and 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after operation, the MWT was significantly decreased at 3 h and 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after operation, and the expression of NK?1 receptors in the spinal dorsal horn was significantly up?regu?lated in group IP2, and the CPS was significantly increased at 3 h and 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after operation, the MWT was significantly decreased at 3 h after operation ( P<0.05) , and no significant change was found in the expression of NK?1 receptors in the spinal dorsal horn in group BoNT∕A2 ( P>0.05) . Compared with group IP2, the CPS was significantly decreased at 3 h and 1, 3, and 5 days after operation, the MWT was signifi?cantly increased at 3 h and 1 and 3 days after operation, and the expression of NK?1 receptors in the spinal dorsal horn was significantly down?regulated in group BoNT∕A2 (P<0.05). Conclusion Pretreatment with botulinum toxin A injected intrathecally or locally at the incision site can inhibit the internalization of NK?1 re?ceptors in the spinal dorsal horn in a rat model of incisional pain.

Objective To demonstrate the X-ray and CT features of breast hydatid disease.Methods Of 11 patients with pathologically confirmed breast Echinococcus hydatid disease were collected and the X-ray and CT image data were analyzed.Results Of 11 patients with hydatid cysts,single cyst was found in 9 patients which one cyst was ruptured due to trauma,multiple cyst in 2 patients.Mammography showed small or large shadow in different size,with low or high density and smooth margin.Calcification was found in 5 and 2 patients with egg shell-like calcification along the wall of cyst,3 patients with spotted calcification within cyst.One case had cavity-like change (annular solar eclipse sign).Cystic lesion with a complete capsule was demonstrated on CT scan in 1 patient.Conclusion Molybdenum target mammography can accurately display the imaging characteristics of hydatid cyst and improve the diagnostic ability of breast hydatid cyst in combination with clinical and epidemiological data.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to discuss the diagnostic accuracy of nornalized liver ADC using the spleen and renal cortex as reference organs for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis.Methods Forty three patients with liver disease (chronic liver disease group) at compensated stage and 10 healthy volunteers (control group) were retrospectively assessed with diffusion-weighted imaging at a 3.0 T MR unit.Liver ADC,spleen ADC,renal ADC and normalized ADC (defined as the ratio of liver ADC to spleen ADC or renal cortex ADC,S-ADC and R-ADC for short) were measured in patients stratified by fibrosis stage.Spearman analysis was used to see the correlation between fibrosis stages and ADC,one-way ANOVA was used to compare the ADCs in different fibrosis stages.Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the performance of ADC for prediction of liver fibrosis,and show the area under the curve ( AUC),sensitivity and specificity choosing the optimal cutoff value that maximized the Youden index.ResultsTen volunteers belonged to SO stage.From SO to S4 stage,there were 2,5,9,12 and 15 patients,correspondingly,liver ADCwere (1.37±0.13) ×10-3,(1.33±0.16) ×10 -3,(1.17±0.16) ×10-3,(1.23±0.14) ×10-3and ( 1.12 ±0.11 ) × 10-3mm2/s,S-ADC were 1.86 ±0.18,1.68 ±0.12,1.34 ±0.14,1.48 ±0.15 and 1.34±0.10,R-ADC were 0.71 ±0.08,0.68 ±0.12,0.61 ±0.09,0.64 ±0.11 and 0.60 ±0.08respectively,and the differences among them were significant ( F =6.48,18.70 and 3.04,P ＜0.05 ).The correlation between fibrosis stage and S-ADC was stronger than between fibrosis stage and liver ADC,R-ADC (r =- 0.71,- 0.51,- 0.41 ;P ＜ 0.01 ).S-ADC was superior to liver ADC and R-ADC for detection of S2,S3 and S4 fibrosis stage (Youden index:0.91,0.58,and 0.59).ConclusionSpleen normalized liver ADC improves diagnostic accuracy for detection of liver fibrosis than liver ADC and renal normalized liver ADC.

This retrospective study was to compare the clinical effects of arthroscopie drilling with arthroscopic microfracture technology on full-thickness chondral defects in 68 patients treated between March 2003 and June 2005. The patients were followed up for an average of (20 ± 5 ) months. Lysholm score and Tegner scale were used to evaluate the efficacy. For the arthrescopic drilling group (n = 15 ) and the microfracture surgery group (n =27) , total effective rates were 12/15 and 85% (23/27), respectively. Our data suggest that those two methods provide simple and effective surgical procedure for the treatment of chondral defects of the knee; the results of arthroscopic microfracture were significantly better than arthroscopic drilling.

Objective To investigate the effects of propofol on the phosphoryhtion of α-amino-3-hydroxy5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate(AMPA)receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 and Serine-845 sites in the spinal cord dorsal horn in a rat model of visceral pain.Methods Thirty male SD rars,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 200300 g,in which intrathecal catheters were successfully placed without complications,were randomly divided into 3 groups(n-=10 each):sham operation group(group Ⅰ),visceral pain group(group Ⅱ)and propofol group (group Ⅲ).Visceral pain was induced by injection of 10％ capsaicin 50μl via the rectum in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ.While the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group Ⅰ.Group Ⅲ received intrathecal injection of propofol 20 tg at 10 min before injection of capsaicin.While the equal volume of dimethyl sulfoxide was given instead of propofol in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ.The cumulative pain score was recorded during 30 min after capsaicin injection.The rats were then sacrificed,and the lumbar segment(L3-6)of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of GluR1 subunits and phosphorylation of GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 and Serine-845 sites in the spinal cord dorsal horn.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the cumulative pain score and phosphorylation of GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites and Serine-845 in the spinal cord dorsal horn were significantly increased(P ＜0.05 or 0.01),but there were no significant differences in the expression of GluR1 subunits in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group Ⅱ,the cumulative pain score and phosphorylation of GluRl subunits at Serine831 and Serine-845 sites in the spinal cord dorsal horn were significantly decreased in group Ⅲ(P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion Propofol can attenuate the visceral pain through the inhibition of the phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 and Serine-845 sites in tte rat spinal cord dorsal horn.