Tumor cells leads to enhanced glucose uptake and the conversion of a larger fraction of pyruvate into lactate even under the circumstance of abundant oxygen. This phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis is known as the Warburg effect. Lactic acid, as an important tool for tumor cells to modify the tumor microenvironment, promotes the process of tumor invasion and metastasis, and contributes to tumor development by inducing and recruiting immunosuppression-related cells and molecules. Lactic acid could efflux out of the cancer cells via the monocarboxylate transporters to prevent intracellular acidification. Lactate can inhibit the cytolytic activity of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, promoting the differentiation of tolerogenic interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing dendritic cells. Moreover, the lactate-derived lactylation of histone lysine residues can promote macrophage polarization toward the M2-like phenotype, suppressing the immune response within the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the role of lactate as an immunosuppressor molecule that contributes to tumor evasion from the aspects of lactic acid metabolism and its effect on immune cells. And we explore the possibility of targeting potential targets in lactate metabolism for tumor treatment. At last, we proposed a tumor immunotherapy strategy by inhibiting the pathway of aerobic glycolysis and proteins associated with the production and transport of lactic acid.

With the rapid development of medical imaging technique, iodinated contrast media (IOCM) has become the most commonly used agent in performing imaging diagnosis and interventional therapy. The use of IOCM, especially the use of non-ionic iodine contrast media, has been swiftly increased in recent years. The accompanying untoward reactions, such as allergic reactions, cardiovascular reactions, contrast media nephropathy, thyroid toxicity, etc. prove to be the new problems that greatly perplex the medical circle. With the continuous improvement of the knowledge to the untoward reactions, more and more physicians have paid attention to contrast media induced thyroid toxicity. At present, researches concerning iodine contrast media thyroid toxicity are still few, and the relevant research is particularly rare in China. This paper aims to make a review about the influence of different kinds of iodine contrast media on thyroid function.

Objective To assess the reliability and validity of the Tree-Drawing Test in medical college students.Methods The study randomly selected 312 aged 19 to 23-year-old medical students to take part in TreeDrawing Test.In addition,a total of 275 college students were selected to receive re-test,30 days late and Pearson correlation coefficient of two tests were calculated.The three raters were invited to assess 30 trees painting score,analyzing the Kendall coefficient of concordance between the scores to verify raters' reliability; parts of students also participated in the 16PF test,SAS,SDS test,analyzing the correlation coefficient between the various test results,in order to assess the effectiveness of the Tree-Drawing Test.Results The re-test reliability in different time was 0.570-0.733 and 0.341-0.713 (P＜0.05),the raters' reliability was 0.491 ～ 0.626(P＜0.05),there are some correlations between Tree-Drawing Test and 16PF,SAS,SDS.Conclusion The Tree-Drawing Test has good reliability and validity; it can be applied to the detection of college students' psychological assessment and psychological problems.

To observe the effects of total flavones of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng (TFM) on volume-overload cardiac hypertrophy and the expression of c-Fos protein in rat. Methods　Volume-overload cardiac hypertrophy of rat was induced by aortocaval shunts. The rats were given ig TFM (400, 40 and 4 mg/kg/d). c-Fos protein in the ventricles were measured by immunocytochemical study. Results　TFM at the above dosage decreased heart weight and contents of RNA and protein in the myocardium, inhibited the expression of c-Fos protein in the ventricles. Conclusion　TFM can prevent volume-overload cardiac hypertrophy in rats. The inhibitory effects on the expression of c-Fos protein may be its mechanism in the molecular level.

The efficacy of Chinese herbal formula in treating depression has been proved in many studies. In this study, six different Kaixin San formulas were compared to investigate their effects on central monoamine neurotransmitters of chronic stress rats and against depression based on their different components in plasma, in order to discuss the efficacy-comparability relationship and the possible efficacy mechanism. The classic isolation method and the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression model were combined to investigate the changes in contents in hippocampus and monoamine neurotransmitters (NE, DA, 5-HT) and the components of some formulas in plasma with HPLC and UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE methods. As a result, Dingzhi Xiaowan recorded in Essential Recipes for Emergent Use Worth A Thousand significantly increased the behavioral scores, NE and 5-HT contents in hippocampus and NE, DA and 5-HT contents in cortex, with the best anti-depressant effect. Dingzhi Xiaowan recorded in Complete Records of Ancient and Modern Medical Works showed a notable increase in sucrose preference and open field score in model rats, NE content in hippocampus and NE, DA and 5-HT contents in cortex, with a certain anti anti-depressant effect. Kaixin San recorded in Ishinpo showed remarkable rise in weight of model rats. NE content in hippocampus and DA content in cortex. Puxin Decoction recorded in A Supplement to Recipes Worth A Thousand Gold showed 5-HT content in hippocampus and DA content in cortex. Kaixin San recorded in Yimenfang only showed DA content in cortex. Kaixin Wan recorded in Essential Recipes for Emergent Use Worth A Thousand did not mention the antidepressant effect. According to the results, the formulas' different anti-depressant effects may be related to the different plasma components.
Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; drug effects ; Biogenic Monoamines ; analysis ; Brain Chemistry ; drug effects ; Chronic Disease ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; analysis ; Norepinephrine ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serotonin ; analysis ; Stress, Psychological ; metabolism

Objective To explore the effect of bergamots volatile oil on relieving cough,asthma and eliminating phlegm in asthmatic rats and guinea-pig.Methods Bergamot essential oil was extracted by steam distillation,and the experimental guinea-pigs and mice were divi-ded into 3 groups with high,moderate and low doses of bergamot essential oil respectively(1.080,0.540,0.108 g?kg-1for guinea pig,1.753,0.877,0.175 g?kg-1 for mice).The other group were pre-treated with normal saline as model control group,and animals were fed with acute-brochisis-syrup,aminophylline,and xianzhuli oral-liquid as positive drug control groups.After the medication,the guinea pigs were sprayed with citric acid or histamine in a confined glass to induce cough or asthma,while the latent period of cough or asthma attack was detected.The mice were injected phenol red solution through the abdominal cavity,and the tracheal phenol red secretion volume was measured.Results The latent period of cough in high,moderate and low dose of bergamot volatile oil groups and acute-brochisis-syrup group were significantly longer than that of the model control group(Pa

Objective To study the relationship between the intervals of Mitomycin C treatment and cytotoxicity, apoptosis and drug resistance for bladder cancer cells.Methods The bladder transitional cell cancer line BIU-87 was treated for two hours every time for five times with intervals of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively.Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT.p53,bcl-2,Bax and p170 expression were analyzed by Western blot.Results The IC_(50)(?g/ml)were 4.41,0.71,2.83,4.51and 6.16 with treatment intervals of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively, p53 and bcl-2 were significantly down-regulated and bcl-2/Bax was re- duced at 24 hour treatment interval but not changed at 48,72 and 96 hour intervals,p170 was not detected at 24 hour treatment interval but increasingly expressed at 48,72 and 96 hours intervals.Conclusion The in- terval of Mitomycin C treatment is closely related with cytotoxieity and apoptosis and drug resistance of blad- der cancer cells.The intervals of intravesical instillations may play an important role in the effect of chemotherapy.

Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of retroperitoneal laparoscopy for adrenal tumor and report the experience with this procedure for adrenal surgery.Methods From June 2003 to March 2007,we performed 24 laparoscopic tumorectomy via the retroperitoneal approach.Results All procedures were successful. The average operative time was 1.7 hours(ranging from 1 to 3.5 hours).All patients had no need of transfusion and no complication.All patients recovered.The average hospital stay was 4.5 days(ranging from 3 to 8 days).Patholog- ic diagnosis:10 cases of nonfunctional adenoma,6 cases of primary aldosteronism,4 cases of adrenal cyst,2 cases of pheochromocytoma,2 cases of Cushing's adenoma.Conclusions Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery for adrenal oc- cupying lesion had such advantages as minimal invasive,safe and effective,early recovery and shorter stay in hospital. It should be the flint choice of treatment for adrenal occupying lesion.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of nerve functional reconstruction on urinary incontinence caused by stroke.MethodsMyoelectricity of pelvic muscles was captured and measured by electrode in vagina or anus.According to the type of urinary incontinence,suitable exercise model and corresponding exercise graph were designed,based on the theory of muscle construction and relaxation.23 patients were involved and the therapies last for 4 weeks.Myoelectricity and the degree of urinary incontinence of before and after the treatment.ResultsThe frequency of patients' urinary incontinence and urinations was reduced and the myodynamia of pelvic muscles improved.ConclusionNerve functional reconstruction is helpful in improving the patients' urination function and their life qualities.

Animal models with kidney disease are generally divided into two types. One belongs to the models which imitate human kidney disease by the artificial operations, such as anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody nephritis, Heymann nephritis, anti-Thyl. 1 antibody nephritis, BSA nephritis and puromycin nephropathy. The other one pertains to the models which make themselves kidney disease, and appear the pathological characteristics naturally as like as human, such as HIGA mice with IgA nephropathy and NZB/WF1 and MRL/1pr mice with lupus nephritis. In addition,the transgenic animal models with kidney disease can also be established by the modern molecular biologic techniques including gene knockout and siRNA transfection. As for the studies related with kidney disease in pharmacodynamics and pharmacology of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), it is important to understand deeply the features of each animal model with kidney disease, and select accurately the proper models according to the different experimental objectives, and then, build the special models provided with the combination of disease with syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Therefore,it is the developmental direction for the further study to establish animal models with kidney disease, which should possess the characteristics of syndrome in TCM.
Animals ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; etiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; etiology ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Mice ; Streptozocin