Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has developed very rapidly in these two decades, and has replaced conventional open thoracotomy as a standard procedure for some simple thoracic operations as well as an option or a complementary procedure for some other more complex operations. In this paper we will review its development history, the present status and the future perspectives.

Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), which manifests as non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, respiratory distress and hypoxemia, could be resulted from various processes that directly or indirectly injure the lung.Extensive investigations in experimental models and humans with ALI/ARDS have revealed many molecular mechanisms that offer therapeutic opportunities for cell or gene therapy. Herein the present strategies and future perspectives of the treatment for ALI/ARDS, include the ventilatory, pharmacological, as well as cell therapies.

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has developed very rapidly in these two decades, and has replaced conventional open thoracotomy as a standard procedure for some simple thoracic operations as well as an option or a complementary procedure for some other more complex operations. In this paper we will review its development history, the present status and the future perspectives.
Empyema ; surgery ; Esophageal Diseases ; surgery ; Esophagus ; pathology ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; surgery ; Mediastinal Diseases ; surgery ; Pleural Effusion ; surgery ; Pneumothorax ; surgery ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted ; methods ; trends

Preconditioning (PC) has emerged as a powerful method for experimentally and clinically attenuating various types of organ injuries. In this paper related clinical and basic research issues on organ preconditioning issues were systemically reviewed. Since lung injuries, including ischemia-reperfusion and others, play important roles in many clinical results, including thromboembolism, trauma, thermal injury, hypovolemic and endotoxin shock, reimplantation response after organ transplantation, and many respiratory diseases in critical care. It is of interest to uncover methods, including the PCs, to protect the lung from the above injuries. However, related studies on pulmonary PC are relatively rare and still being developed, so we will review previous literature on experimental and clinical studies on pulmonary PC in the following paragraphs.
Animals ; Humans ; Lung ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lung Injury ; Lung Transplantation ; Time Factors ; Transplantation Conditioning

Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), which manifests as non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, respiratory distress and hypoxemia, could be resulted from various processes that directly or indirectly injure the lung. Extensive investigations in experimental models and humans with ALI/ARDS have revealed many molecular mechanisms that offer therapeutic opportunities for cell or gene therapy. Herein the present strategies and future perspectives of the treatment for ALI/ARDS, include the ventilatory, pharmacological, as well as cell therapies.
Acute Disease ; Animals ; Cell Transplantation ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Lung ; physiopathology ; Lung Injury ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy

Prevotella bivia is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. A 77-year-old man developed a rapidly growing chest wall abscess due to P. bivia within days. He underwent surgical resection of the infected area; his postoperative course was uneventful. This is the first case of chest wall abscess due to P. bivia infection. Its correct diagnosis cannot be underestimated because fulminant infections can occur in aged or immunocompromised patients if treated incorrectly. Prompt, appropriate surgical management, and antibiotic therapy affect treatment outcome.
Abscess ; diagnostic imaging ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Aged ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; diagnostic imaging ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Prevotella ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Thoracic Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Thoracic Wall ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the nipple-areola complex is extremely rare. Less than ten such cases have been reported in English literature so far. Herein we describe a 52-year-old female presenting with a 1.5 cmx1.1 cmx0.7 cm nodular lesion over her left nipple, and leiomyosarcoma was proved by pathological examination of the excised specimen. Positron emitted tomogram (PET) revealed no abnormal signal other than the primary site. Microscopically, this poorly circumscribed tumor was composed of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle cells with bizarre and pleomorphic nuclei, as well as prominent nucleoli. Its mitotic count was up to 7 mitoses per 10 high power fields (HPF). Immunohistochemical study of tumor cells revealed positive stain for alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin; and negative for cytokeratin, CD34 and S-100. Left simple mastectomy was undertaken and no residual mass lesion was noted on the resected specimen. Related literatures about the diagnosis and treatment for breast leiomyosarcoma will be presented here.
Antigens, CD34 ; biosynthesis ; Breast ; pathology ; Breast Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Cell Nucleus ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; methods ; Leiomyosarcoma ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Mastectomy ; Middle Aged ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; pathology ; Nipples ; pathology ; S100 Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Smooth Muscle Tumor ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Treatment Outcome

Breast metastases from extramammary neoplasms are very rare. We presented a 66 year-old female with metastasis of small cell lung carcinoma to the breast. She presented with consolidation over the left upper lobe of her lung undetermined after endobronchial or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) biopsy, and this was treated effectively after antibiotic therapy at initial stage. The left breast lumps were noted 4 months later, and she underwent a modified radical mastectomy under the impression of primary breast carcinoma. However, the subsequent chest imaging revealed re-growing mass over the left mediastinum and hilum, and cells with the same morphological and staining features were found from specimens of transbronchial brushing and biopsy. An accurate diagnosis to distinguish a primary breast carcinoma from metastatic one is very important because the therapeutic planning and the outcome between them are different.
Aged ; Breast Neoplasms ; secondary ; Bronchoscopy ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; pathology

Actinomycosis is an uncommon disease, which is usually manifested as cervicofacial infection and related to poor oral hygiene or compromised immune function. Pulmonary actinomycosis is rare, but its diagnosis is changing due to its variable presentation and the similarity in appearance to other intrapulmonary diseases. Here we report an 80-year-old man with a solitary pulmonary nodule over the left upper lobe. Pulmonary neoplasm was highly suspected in this patient and thus resection of the mass was undertaken through video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). Histopathological examination demonstrated this patient had an Actinomyeces infection. While the application of VATS in patients with pulmonary actinomycosis has rarely been reported in literature, we conclude that VATS is valuable for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with undetermined pulmonary nodule(s).
Actinomycosis ; pathology ; surgery ; Aged, 80 and over ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Treatment Outcome ; Video Recording ; methods

Primary mammary tuberculosis is a rare entity that usually occurs in female of reproductive age. Herein three such patients including two males with ages over 80 years, who underwent surgical resection, are reported. Fine needle biopsy failed to achieve specific diagnosis before surgical operation. All of their conditions got satisfactory improvement and anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy was administered postoperatively. Previous literature related to the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment for mammary tuberculosis will be also reviewed. Mammary tuberculosis is usually related to breast feeding women and is extremely rare in aged man. The possible mechanisms resulting in this disease in our three patients, including direct extension, reactivation, or transmitted by staffs or peers of the nursing home, would also be discussed.
Aged, 80 and over ; Breast Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Tuberculosis ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Ultrasonography