OBJECTIVETo examine the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GbE) on learning and memory deficit induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl(3)), and explore its mechanisms.

METHODSThe rat models with learning and memory deficit were induced by administering via gastrogavage and drinking of AlCl(3) solution. And the model rats were treated with GbE at the dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg every day for 2 months accompanied with drinking of AlCl(3) solution, respectively. Their abilities of spatial learning and memory were tested by Morris water maze, and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in serum was assayed with chemical method, the AChE expression in hippocampus was observed by immunohistochemistry assay, and then quantitative analysis was done by BI 2000 image analysis system.

RESULTSLearning and memory deficit of rats could be induced by AlCl(3) solution (P < 0.01), and AChE expressions in rats hippocampus were increased (P < 0.01); GbE ameliorated learning and memory deficit and reduced AChE expression in rats hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner, while GbE significantly increased serum AChE activity at the dose of 200 mg/kg each day (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONGbE can ameliorate learning and memory deficit induced by AlCl(3), which may be due to its inhibition of the AChE expression in hippocampus.

Acetylcholinesterase ; metabolism ; Aluminum Compounds ; toxicity ; Animals ; Chlorides ; toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ginkgo biloba ; Hippocampus ; enzymology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Memory Disorders ; chemically induced ; prevention & control ; Neuroprotective Agents ; therapeutic use ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; therapeutic use ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Structures ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reaction Time

BACKGROUND:S100B protein in patients with cardiac arrest, hemorrhagic shock and other causes of global cerebral ischemic injury will be dramatically increased. Ischemic brain injury may elevate the level of serum S100B protein and the severity of brain damage.METHODS:This article is a critical and descriptive review on S100B protein in serum after ischemic brain injury. We searched Pubmed database with key words or terms such as "S100B protein", "cardiac arrest", "hemorrhagic shock" and "ischemia reperfusion injury" appeared in the last five years.RESULTS:S100B protein in patients with cardiac arrest, hemorrhagic shock and other causes of ischemic brain injury will be dramatically increased. Ischemic brain injury elevated the level of serum S100B protein, and the severity of brain damage.CONCLUSION:The level of S100B protein in serum is elevated after ischemic brain injury, but its mechanism is unclear.

OBJECTIVETo monitor the systemic gene expression profile in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury.

METHODSAcute lung injury was induced by intratracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide in 3 mice. Another 3 normal mice receiving same volume of normal saline were taken as the controls. The comprehensive gene expression profile was monitored by the recently modified long serial analysis of gene expression.

RESULTSA total of 24,670 tags representing 12,168 transcripts in the control mice and 26,378 tags representing 13,397 transcripts in the mice with lung injury were identified respectively. There were 11 transcripts increasing and 7 transcripts decreasing more than 10 folds in the lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. The most overexpressed genes in the mice with lung injury included serum amyloid A3, metallothionein 2, lipocalin 2, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, lactate dehydrogenase 1, melatonin receptor, S100 calcium-binding protein A9, natriuretic peptide precursor, etc. Mitogen activated protein kinase 3, serum albumin, complement component 1 inhibitor, and ATP synthase were underexpressed in the lung injury mice.

CONCLUSIONSSerial analysis of gene expression provides a molecular characteristic of acute lung injury.

Animals ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; blood ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; blood ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression ; genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; methods ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Male ; Metallothionein ; blood ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Proteins ; blood ; Nuclear Proteins ; blood ; Protein Folding ; Reference Values ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; chemically induced ; genetics ; S100 Proteins ; blood ; Serum Amyloid A Protein ; metabolism

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) bm47 gene is found in all sequenced lepidopteran nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs). It is one of the core genes of NPVs. However, the role of bm47 in the biological cycle of NPV remains unknown. In this study, the Red recombination system was used to knock out bm47 from BmNPV to construct bm47-ko-Bacmid in E. coli BW25113 system. Then bm47 gene was introduced back to the viral genome using the Bac-to-Bac system to create the repair virus bm47-re-Bacmid. TCID50 assay and real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to evaluate the effects of bm47 deletion on viral DNA replication, gene transcription, and protein expression. qPCR results showed that bm47 knock-out had no significant effect on viral DNA replication. However, the qPCR results showed that bm47-ko-Bacmid significantly decreased the transcription levels of early gene lef-3, late gene vp39, and very late gene p10 at 48 h and 72 h after viral transfection of BmN cells (P < 0.05). This work will provide a foundation for further studies on the biological function of BmNPV bm47 in viral replication and transcription.
Animals ; Bombyx ; virology ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; Nucleopolyhedrovirus ; genetics ; physiology ; Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Replication

Objective To understand the disease spectrum of prehospital emergency patients in Beijing, so as to provide basis for rational allocation of prehospital emergency care resources and for improvement of prehospital emergency care. Methods Emergency dispatch database from 120 dispatching command system of Beijing Emergency Medical Center to was used study the disease spectrum of 120 prehospital emergency patients from 2013 to 2017 in Beijing, and were analyzed the differences of disease spectrum among patients of different years, genders and ages, and the time distribution of different diseases. Results From 2013 to 2017 in Beijing, 1 643 375 patients used 120 prehospital emergency care. The top 3 diseases of the disease spectrum were: injury and poisoning (29.63%), diseases of the circulatory system (18.37%), and diseases of the nervous system (15.80%). The sorting of diseases remained unchanged during the 5 years. The disease spectrums were different among different age groups and gender groups. The calls in spring, summer, autumn and winter accounted for 25.23%, 24.97%, 25.05% and 24.75% respectively. Most calls were made from 08 ∶〗00 to 09 ∶〗59 (12.41%), 12 ∶〗00 to 13 ∶〗59 (10.05%), and 14 ∶〗00 to 15 ∶〗59 (9.91%) during a day. The peak months and hours of different diseases were different. Conclusions The demand for prehospital emergency care has been increasing in Beijing in recent years. It is important to strengthen the prevention of injuries among all ages, especially male, and to improve the prevention and response capacity for acute attack of chronic diseases among older people. Prehospital emergency care resources should be rationally allocated according to the peak months and hours of calls.

OBJECTIVETo assess the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on patients with acute lung injury (ALI), to observe the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on the peripheral monocytes of ALI patients and changes of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and to investigate the mechanism of TLR4 in ALI.

METHODSForty-five patients with ALI were randomly divided into penehyclidine hydrochloride treatment group (P group, n equal to 21) and conventional treatment group (control group, C group, n equal to 24). Patients in both groups received conventional treatment, including active treatment of the primary disease, respiratory support, nutritional support and fluid management therapy, while those in P group were given penehyclidine hydrochloride (1 mg, im, q. 12 h) in addition. The TLR4 expression of 20 healthy volunteers were detected. The clinical effect, average length of stay in ICU and hospital, values of PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2, expression of TLR4 on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and some serum cytokines were evaluated for 48 h.

RESULTSThe general conditions of the two groups were improved gradually and PaO2 increased progressively. Compared with 0 h, PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after treatment were significantly increased (P less than 0.05). The improvement in P group was obviously greater than that in C group (P less than 0.05). The average length of hospitalization showed no difference between the two groups, but penehyclidine hydrochloride significantly decreased the average length of stay in ICU (t equal to 3.485, P less than 0.01). The expression of TLR4 in two groups were both obviously higher than that of healthy volunteers (P less than 0.01). It decreased significantly at 24 h (t equal to 2.032, P less than 0.05) and 48 h (t equal to 3.620, P less than 0.01) and was lower in P group than in C group. The patients who showed a higher level of TLR4 expression in early stage had a worse prognosis and most of them developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The incidence of ARDS was 23.8% in P group and 29.17% in C group at 24 h. Untill 48 h, there were other two patients developing ARDS in control group. Serum IL-1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha expressions reduced after 24 h in both groups. The reduction in P group was more obvious than that in C group (P less than 0.05). IL-13 increased gradually from 0 h to 24 h, and decreased slightly at 48 h, which showed no difference between two groups (t equal to 1.028, P larger than 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSPenehyclidine hydrochloride improves the arterial oxygen pressure, down-regulates the expression of TLR4 and restrains the inflammatory cytokines in the downstream of TLR4 signaling pathway. It prevents the development of ALI and can be considered as an important drug in ALI treatment.

Acute Lung Injury ; drug therapy ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Cytokines ; blood ; Heart Rate ; drug effects ; Humans ; Oxygen ; blood ; Prognosis ; Quinuclidines ; therapeutic use ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; genetics ; physiology

Cardiac arrest is the most critical condition for patients. Early identification of the cause of cardiac arrest and timely intervention on different causes are the key to treatment. Bedside ultrasound can simply, quickly, and effectively assess the cause of cardiac arrest, select the appropriate tracheal tube for the patient, confirm the position of the endotracheal tube, confirm the position of the endotracheal tube, and effectively evaluate the effect of mechanical ventilation and organ resuscitation after interventions. This article reviews bedside ultrasound in identifying the reversible causes of cardiac arrest, airway management, and evaluating organ function after resuscitation.

Traumatic brain injury（TBI）is a kind of clinical emergency with high incidence, disability and mortality, with serious impact on patients, families and society. To some extent, prognostic related biomarkers of TBI can not only reflect the pathogenetic mechanism and pathophysiological process of injury, but also have important values in evaluating the severity, predicting adverse outcomes, making treatment decisions and so on. This article aims to review the studies about the prognosis biomarkers of TBI, such as coagulation related biomarkers, inflammation related biomarkers, biomarkers related to nervous system injury and so on.

The clinical mortality rate of paraquat poisoning is high. At present, plasma paraquat concentration, urinary paraquat concentration, various scoring systems, and serological indicators are used to predict the prognosis of patients so that clinicians can estimate the condition of patient correctly and take appropriate treatment. Compared with other prediction Methods , serological indicators have the advantages of convenience, availability, low price, instant accuracy and repeatability, and have good predictive value for the prognosis of paraquat poisoning patients. In this paper, the research progress on the prognostic value of serological indicators in patients with paraquat poisoning in recent years is reviewed.

The main causes of death for paraquat poisoning are irreversible pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure and even multiple organ failure. Currently, the main clinical treatment methods are gastric lavage, catharsis, blood purification and symptomatic supportive treatment, but the effectiveness is not satisfactory. It has made some progress in clinical treatment of paraquat poisoning and the study of molecular mechanisms at home and abroad. The article simply reviews in the clinical treatment of pulmonary fibrosis induced by paraquat poisoning such as blood purification, antioxidants, glucocorticoid, Chinese medicine treatment, and the molecular mechanism research such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Wnt/β- catenin pathway, the NF-κB pathway and Akt-Nrf-2 pathways.