The present paper is a morphological description of the chromosomes of the mouse, Mus musculus, based on the observations of the metaphase chromosomes of both bone marrow cells and spermatogonial cells. Chromosome morphology is found to be essentially the same as those described by the previous investigators. The systematic measurements of the chromosomes have also been presented.

There are two serious obstacles to tumor immunotherapy. Firstly, the immune response of the tumor is seriously reduced due to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM) and low immunogenicity of tumor. The second obstacle is the dense and complex heterogeneous structures, which seriously prevent the nanoparticles (NPs) from penetrating deeper into tumor tissue. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective method to enhance tumor immune activity. However, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) after ICD induction would increase the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and enhance ITM. IDO1 siRNA would reduce the expression of IDO1 protein, regulate the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and regulate ITM, so as to enhance the ICD effect of DOX. In this paper, a novel charge conversional, particle size reduction and highly penetrable NPs based on a pH sensitive copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-poly-L-lysine-2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride (mPEG-PLL-DMA, PLD) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers to achieve deep delivery of tumor tissue. DOX and IDO1 siRNA were encapsulated to achieve efficient tumor immunotherapy. Preparation and cell level experiments showed that PLD material had significant pH sensitivity. Results of 3D tumor penetrable experiment in vitro showed that adding the pH sensitive material PLD significantly improved the permeability of the preparation. In addition, 4T1 tumor model was established for BALB/c mice and all animal experiments were displayed in according with the requirements of the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. The results of in vivo efficacy experiments and tissue experiments evaluated that IDO1 siRNA significantly improved the ICD effect owing to DOX, so as to significantly inhibit tumor growth.

OBJECTIVETo observe the analgesic effect of Zhitong Capsule (ZTC) and study its mechanism in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats.

METHODSForty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups with 8 rats in each group. On the first day, except to those in the normal group that were treated with normal saline, the same amount of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was given through intradermal injection into the right hind paw to all the rats in the other groups. From the 17th day of the modeling on, the rats in groups of ZTC were administered daily through gastrogavage with a dose of 1000, 500, 250 mg/kg respectively, while equal volume of normal saline was given to those in the normal group and model group, and an equal volume of aspirin (ASA) solution was given to rats in the ASA group through gastrogavage for 10 days, once per day, and on the 27th day, the analgesic effect of ZTC was measured with heat withdraw method. The activities and contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxides (LPO) in serum were observed by spectrophotometry, and the level of beta-endorphin (beta-EP) in hypothalamus were determined by the assay of immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSZTC showed significant effects on enhancing the pain threshold and at the same time it increased the activities of SOD and reduced the contents of LPO in serum. ZTC could also increase the level of beta-EP in hypothalamus.

CONCLUSIONZTC has analgesic effect and its mechanism is probably related with its effect in inhibiting the level of oxygen free radicals in serum and increasing the level of beta-EP of hypothalamus in rats.

Analgesia ; methods ; Animals ; Arthritis, Experimental ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Hypothalamus ; metabolism ; Lipid Peroxides ; blood ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Pain ; physiopathology ; Pain Threshold ; drug effects ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Preparations ; therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Tissue Distribution ; beta-Endorphin ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analyze the changes of postmortem human biochemical indexes. METHODS: Subclavian venous blood samples were collected from 81 cases of traffic fatalities. Thirteen blood biochemical indexes including liver function (ALT, AST, TBIL and DBIL), renal function (UA and Cr), cardiac function (CK, CK-MB and LDH), electrolytes (K+, Na+ and Cl-), and glucose (GLU) were tested by Roche cobas c311 automatic biochemical analyzer. The descriptive analysis was made by SPSS 17.0 statistical software. RESULTS: The values of ALT, AST, CK, CK-MB, LDH and K+ were higher than normal reference values with more fluctuations. The values of TBIL, DBIL, UA, Cr, Na+, Cl- and GLU were relatively stable with less fluctuations. CONCLUSION The postmortem human blood biochemical indexes of liver function, renal function, cardiac function, electrolytes and glucose could be affected by the factors, especially hemolysis and autolysis. The biochemical indexes, particularly enzymes, increased significantly with higher standard deviation.
Accidents, Traffic/mortality* ; Autopsy ; Blood Chemical Analysis/methods* ; Heart Function Tests ; Humans ; Kidney Function Tests ; Liver Function Tests ; Reference Values

OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes and rules of biochemical markers in serum of guinea pigs after death caused by hypothermia and to provide references for fatal hypothermia diagnosis by serum biochemical markers. METHODS: Twenty guinea pigs were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. The guinea pigs in the experimental group were kept at -30 °C until death, while the ones in control group were decapitated after same survival intervals at 25 °C. The serum was extracted from the whole blood of right ventricular immediately. Subsequently, a series of serum biochemical markers were analyzed by auto bio-chemical analyzer. RESULTS: The levels of glucose, uric acid, creatinine and urea nitrogen in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in control group, respectively (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the levels of total protein and albumin were significantly lower in the experimental group (P<0.05). There were no significantly differences of the levels of other markers such as serum enzymes and ions observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION There are characteristic changes of some specific serum biochemical markers in fatal hypothermia, which may be potentially useful for auxiliary diagnosis of fatal hypothermia.
Animals ; Biomarkers/blood* ; Cause of Death ; Guinea Pigs ; Hypothermia

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression and significance of Cyclin D1 in oral squamous cell ma (OSCC).

METHODSA immunohistochemistry method, Envosion, was employed to test the manifesting Cyclin D1 in pathological slices of 50 OSCC cases and 10 normal cases, and the results was treated with statistical lysis.

RESULTSIn 50 OSCC cases, Cyclin D1 mainly manifested in karyon, and a little in cytoplasm. manifesting rates of Cyclin D1 in the samples was 80.0%, which was significantly higher than the manifesting of 20.0% in normal oral mucous membrane (P < 0.01). The manifestation of Cyclin D1 was correlated with rent pathological grades, clinical phases and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe abnormal tation of Cyclin D1 is closely related with the occurrence and development of OSCC. Therefore, it can subsidiary index for OSCC treatment and prognosis.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cyclin D1 ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Mouth Mucosa ; Mouth Neoplasms ; Prognosis

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical application of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 672 cases of VATS. There were 17 thoracic diseases such as emphysema, bullectomy for spontaneous pneumothorax, massive bullae, benign tumor of mediastinum, cyst of mediastinum, pulmonary benign tumors, hydropericardium, malignant pleural fluid, etc. RESULTS: The mean operation time was 57 minutes and there were no intraoperative complications. The bleeding during the operation was less than 100 mL. Postoperative pneumothorax occurred in 4 patients and among them 2 patients were of relapse after 1 month. The intrathoracic drain in most patients was removed with an average of 2. 5 days. A supplementary incision was needed in 10 cases: Six were due to the adhesion of full pleural cavity and 4 were found with the malignant tumor during the operation. CONCLUSION VATS is an alternative approach that provides a safe, less invasive, and effective operation for treating spontaneous pneumothorax, benign tumor of mediastinum, cyst of mediastinum, pulmonary benign tumors, pericardial perfusion, and acute chest trauma patients.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Emphysema ; surgery ; Female ; Hemopneumothorax ; surgery ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; surgery ; Lung Neoplasms ; surgery ; Male ; Mediastinal Diseases ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To establish a diagnostic model for diffuse axonal injury (DAI) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). To screen the proteins or peptides associated with DAI for providing the biomarkers with theoretic foundation. METHODS: Fifteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into DAI group (n = 10) and control group (n = 5). The protein or peptide expression profiles of rat brain stem were detected by MALDI-TOF-MS. ClinProTools 2.2 software was used to find specific peaks, and a diagnostic model was established by the genetic algorithm. RESULTS: There were significant differences in 61 peaks of DAI group (P < 0.05), 9 peaks were down-regulated and 52 up-regulated. The diagnostic model was established based on 5 different peaks. The specificity and sensitivity of cross validation was 96.14% and 95.98%; while the specificity and sensitivity of blind validation showed was 73.33% and 70.00%, respectively. CONCLUSION A specific and sensitive diagnostic model of DAI can be established by MALDI-TOF-MS to provide a potential value for determining DAI in forensic practice.
Animals ; Biomarkers ; Brain Stem/metabolism* ; Diffuse Axonal Injury/diagnosis* ; Down-Regulation ; Male ; Peptides/blood* ; Proteomics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Software ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods* ; Up-Regulation

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-IMS) has been a classical technique for studying proteomics in present and a tool for analyzing the distribution of proteins and small molecules within biological tissue sections. MALDI-TOF-IMS can analyze multiple unknown compounds in biological tissue sections simultaneously through a single measurement which can obtain molecule imaging of the tissue while maintaining the integrity of cellular and molecules in tissue. In recent years, imaging mass spectrometry technique develops relatively quickly in all biomedical domain. This paper based on the relevant data and reviews the present developing level of MALDI-TOF-IMS, the principle of imaging mass spectrometry, methology and the prospect in forensic pathology.
Diagnostic Imaging ; Forensic Sciences/methods* ; Humans ; Male ; Proteins ; Proteomics ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Fourier transformation infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR-MSP) mapping technique can collect the infrared information from micro-samples and scan the tissue slides and cells. The infrared spectral information of pixels from the collected regions is recorded and infrared spectral maps are constructed by computer software. The 2D and 3D mapping images are reflected based on the distributions of absorbance bands. The biochemical compositions, molecular distribution, metabolic changes of tissues and cells are analyzed by the technique due to infrared spectroscopy being sensitive to biomolecules. The article reviews the recent research of FTIR-MSP mapping and explores the future potential value in forensic science practice.
Cervix Uteri/pathology* ; Female ; Forensic Pathology/methods* ; Genital Diseases, Female/pathology* ; Humans ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology*