Objective:In order to enhance the early dignosis level and strengthen the understanding of pathogeny、pathology by stage and prognosis of primary gallbladder car-cinoma(PGC). Methods : The results of 679 patients of PGC from 1956 to 1998 in first affiliated hospital of Xi'an medical university were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Most of the patients belong to advanced stage when dignosised. The PGC were usually found among the old women patients. The sex ratio(female/male) was 3:1. There is a intimate relatioship between gallstone and PGC. About sixty percents of PGC might be found gallstone.The dignostic accordance rate was low between preoperation and postopera-tion.Most patients with PGC were found unexpectedly in operation due to gallstone or a-cute cholecystitis. To worse more, many of patiens with PGC were missed the opportunities of dignosis and treatment because of only paying attention to gallstone. Most of the pathological types were adenocarcinoma. The development of imaging examination is hoped to find early stage cases and improve its prognosis. Conclusion : It is a basic way for early dignosis and improving prognosis to strengthen the understanding of pathogeny, pathology by stage and prognosis and rationalize application of all kinds of exzamination means in PGC.

FOS protein in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat was detected to study neuronal activation induced by noxious stimulation of the urethra. In rats receiving infusion of 100 μl of 2% formalin into the urethra, a large number of FOS-positive neurons were seen in the lumbosacral cord segments (L6 and S1), and they were primarily distributed in the medial dorsal horn and dorsal commissural nucleus. Nearly all of FOS expression was blocked by bilateral transection of the pudendal nerve, whereas bilateral transection of the pelvic nerve seemed to have no obvious effect on FOS expression.Behavioral changes were also observed in the nerve-transected rats. Bilateral pelvic nerve-transected rats showed frequently licking of the external urethral orifice after application of the irritant to the urethra, which was quite similar to that of the nerve-intact rats. Such behavior completely disappeared in the rats receiving bilateral pudendal nerve transection. The results suggest that the medial dorsal horn and dorsal commissural nucleus in the L6 and S1 segments are involved in processing nociceptive inputs from the urethra, which is carried by the pudendal nerve.

In this article, the implementation of eye movement tracking system includes three procedures: hardware acquisition, data extraction and overall analysis. The system is based on Camshift algorithm with an eye tracking module added, developed on VC++ 6.0. The system can track the eye movement effectively in simulated phosphene evaluation experiment based on prosthetic vision.
Algorithms ; Analysis of Variance ; Eye Movements ; physiology ; Prosthesis Design

In adipose tissues from sreater omentum of patients with type 2 diabetes,the mRNA and protein expressions of human rearranged immunoglobulin?light chain (HSIGVL) 022 were measured by the fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively.The results showed that mRNA and protein levels of HSIGVL022 were up-regulated in patients with type 2 diabetes.The mRNA level of HSIGVL022 was linearly correlated with insulin resistance index,suggesting that this gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

The urate transporter 1 (URAT1) which controls urate reabsorption is a membrane transporter in the apical membrane of human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. It was found that about 90% of patients suffer from hyperuricemia due to insufficient uric acid excretion. Therefore, the development of URAT1 inhibitors that can reduce the level of serum uric acid in vivo by enhancing renal urate excretion has been a hot spot in seeking anti-gout drugs in recent years. In this article, the representative URAT1 inhibitors with uric acid-lowering or anti-gout effects are reviewed, and related medicinal chemical strategies are analyzed, hoping to provide valuable insights into the discovery of new URAT1 inhibitors.

This paper introduces the current development and challenges of vision prosthesis.
Prosthesis Design ; Visual Prosthesis

BACKGROUNDChemokines and their receptors have been a research focus in transplantation immunology. Chemokines and their receptors play a role in lymphocyte recruitment and differentiation process. This study aimed to observe whether IL-4 and IL-10 may regulate the expression of chemokine receptors CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3 on CD4(+) T cells in CBA/JxDBA/2 mouse model and to explore the role of CCR3, CCR5, CXCR3 in immune tolerance in pregnancy.

METHODSThe mouse model of spontaneous abortion (CBA/JxDBA/2) and the normal pregnant mouse model (CBA/JxBALB/c) were used. CBA/JxDBA/2 mice were injected with IL-4 (CBA/JxDBA/2-IL-4), IL-4 and IL-10 (CBA/JxDBA/2-IL-4+IL-10), or normal saline (CBA/JxDBA/2-NS) as a control. The expression of CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3 on CD4(+) T cells from mouse peripheral blood was measured by the double-labelled FCM method, and the embryo resorption rate was also examined.

RESULTSThe embryo resorption rate in the CBA/JxDBA/2 group without any treatment was significantly higher than that in the CBA/JxBALB/c group (17.9% vs 3.7%, P < 0.01). The embryo resorption rate in the CBA/JxDBA/2 group immunized with IL-4 or IL-4 together with IL-10 was significantly decreased, compared with that in the control and NS groups respectively. CCR3 expression on CD4(+) T cells in the CBA/JxDBA/2 group without any treatment was significantly lower than that in the CBA/JxBALB/c group (0.3738 +/- 0.3575 vs 1.2190 +/- 0.2772, P < 0.01); both CCR5 (3.0900 +/- 1.5603 vs 1.2390 +/- 0.6361, P < 0.01) and CXCR3 (2.4715 +/- 0.9074 vs 0.9200 +/- 0.5585, P < 0.01) expressions on CD4(+) T cells of the CBA/JxDBA/2 group without any treatment were significantly higher than those of the CBA/JxBALB/c group. Significant up-regulation of CCR3 and down-regulation of CXCR3 were found in the CBA/JxDBA/2 group treated with IL-4 (CCR3: 2.0360 +/- 0.6944, CXCR3: 1.3510 +/- 0.5263, P < 0.01) or IL-4 and IL-10 (CCR3: 1.8160 +/- 1.0947, CXCR3:1.0940 +/- 0.7168, P < 0.01). Because of the CCR5, IL-4 and IL-10 (1.9400 +/- 0.8504 vs 3.0900 +/- 1.5603, P < 0.05), but IL-4 alone (2.5310 +/- 1.3595 vs 3.0900 +/- 1.5603, P > 0.05) treatment significantly decreased the expression of CCR5 in CBA/JxDBA/2.

CONCLUSIONSThe abnormal expression of CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3 on CD4(+) T cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortion. The pregnancy immune tolerance may be induced through selective induction of CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3 expressions by IL-4 together with IL-10.

Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Embryo Loss ; metabolism ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Female ; Interleukin-10 ; pharmacology ; Interleukin-4 ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Pregnancy ; Receptors, CCR3 ; metabolism ; Receptors, CCR5 ; metabolism ; Receptors, CXCR3 ; metabolism

ed in vitro and in vivo,which was inhibited by aspirin treatment.

One DRV strain was isolated from Sika Deer brain and sequenced. Nine overlapped gene fragments were amplified by RT-PCR through 3'-RACE and 5'-RACE method, and the complete DRV genome sequence was assembled. The length of the complete genome is 11863bp. The DRV genome organization was similar to other rabies viruses which were composed of five genes and the initiation sites and termination sites were highly conservative. There were mutated amino acids in important antigen sites of nucleoprotein and glycoprotein. The nucleotide and amino acid homologies of gene N, P, M, G, L in strains with completed genomie sequencing were compared. Compared with N gene sequence of other typical rabies viruses, a phylogenetic tree was established . These results indicated that DRV belonged to gene type 1. The highest homology compared with Chinese vaccine strain 3aG was 94%, and the lowest was 71% compared with WCBV. These findings provided theoretical reference for further research in rabies virus.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Complementary ; chemistry ; genetics ; Deer ; virology ; Genome, Viral ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Rabies ; virology ; Rabies virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

To effectively guarantee quality of randomized controlld trial (RCT) of acupuncture and develop reasonable content and checklist of on-site quality control, influencing factors on quality of acupuncture RCT are analyzed and scientificity of quality control content and feasibility of on-site manipulation are put into overall consideration. Based on content and checklist of on-site quality control in National 11th Five-Year Plan Project Optimization of Comprehensive Treatment Plan for TCM in Prevention and Treatment of Serious Disease and Clinical Assessment on Generic Technology and Quality Control Research, it is proposed that on-site quality control of acupuncture RCT should be conducted with PICOST (patient, intervention, comparison, out come, site and time) as core, especially on quality control of interveners' skills and outcome assessment of blinding, and checklist of on-site quality control is developed to provide references for undertaking groups of the project.
Acupuncture Therapy ; standards ; China ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; standards ; Research Design ; standards