Phyllosphere and epiphytes have attracted significant interest of more and more researchers by their unique biological characteristics. Progress of research on phyllosphere and epiphytes was summarized in this paper, and the special emphasis was put on the characteristic of phyllosphere, microbial communities, invasion and the location of bacteria on leaf surfaces. Some ideas for further studies on phyllosphere microbes were also proposed.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of gliomas in children,and assess the value of CT and MRI for diagnosing glioma.Methods Fifty-three children under 14 years old who were admitted into department of neurosurgery of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from Jan.2001 to Dec.2006 were diagnosed as glioma.Their age and sex distribution,clinical symptoms and signs,imaging examinations and pathological examinations were retrospectively analyzed.Results 1.There were 35 males and 18 females.2.The common symptoms and signs were headache and dizziness(32 cases,60.4%),nausea and vomiting(32 cases,60.4%),balance function disorder(31cases,58.5%),episodic convulsion(6 cases,11.3%) and fundus changes(33 cases,62.3%).3.There were 24 gliomas located at supratentorial and 29 gliomas located at infertentorial in this group.4.Thirty-three cases had a CT examination(1 case was wrongly diagnosed) and 28 cases had a MRI examination(all cases were positive);The positive rate of CT for displaying these tumors was 97%,MRI was 100%.5.Pathological examination revealed gliomas in 42 cases after operation.The most common histologically confirmed tumor type reported was astrocytoma,which accounted for 40.5%(17 cases),and the second was medulloblastoma,which accounted for 31.0%(13 cases).Conclusions 1.Glioma are more frequently affected in males than females in children.2.It often occurs in cranial posterior fossa and midline,which causes the symptoms of intracranial hypertension including headache,dizziness,nausea,vomiting,fundus changes,and so on.3.It often occurs in infertentorial,which causes the symptoms of balance function disorder,since it can invade cerebellum directly or indirectly.4.CT and MRI play an important role in the diagnosis of glioma in children.MRI is more valuable than CT in glioma diagnosis.5.Histological types of glioma in children are significantly different from adults.The most common histological types are astrocytoma and medulloblastoma.

Objective To evaluate the clinical manifestations and responses to treatment of adult onset Still's disease (AOSD).Methods One hundred and four AOSD patients were retrospectively analyzed with clinical features and treatment responses.Results The major clinical features were:spiking fever (100%),evanescent maculopapular rash (95%),polyarthralgia (90%),sore throat (78%),lymphadenectasis (66%),hepatosplenomegaly (57%),hydmhymenitis (30%),neutrephilia (98%),liver dysfunction (62%),increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (96%) and hyperferritinaemia (99%).Reactive lymphnodes hyperplasia was shown in all patients underwent lymphnode biopsy.94% and 66% patients were treated with glucocorticoid and immune suppressants.Those treated with ≥40 mg/d prednisone or its equivalent dosage achieved quicker remission and less relapses.Conclusion Patients who present with spiking fever,polyarthralgia,maculopapular rash,sore throat and predominant neutrophilia should be considered the possibility of AOSD after tumor or infection are excluded.Glucoeorticoid and immune suppressive drugs are effective medications for AOSD.

Objective To find out the differences of bergenin content in Ardisia crenata from different regions and its different parts,and suggest its medicinal parts. Methods The bergenin content in different parts of Ardisia crenata was identified by TLC and determined by HPLC. Results The difference of bergenin content in different parts of Ardisia crenata was significant,and that in stems was better than in roots,which in the leaves was the lest. Conclusion The stem was regarded as the available medicinal resources and is worth exploiting.

Objective To evaluate the applicability of the simplified equation of MDRD to predict glomerular filtration rate(GFR)from serum creatinine in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD),and refit the MDRD equation parameter estimates with Chinese patients data.Methods A total of 760 hospitalized CKD patients were investigated from 2002 to 2005.Patients'sex,age,height and body weight were recorded;plasma creatinine and ~ 99m Tc-GFR(standardized by body surface area)were measured in all patients;GFR was estimated with simplified equation of MDRD and Cockcroft-Gault;the accurancy of estimated GFR with MDRD and CG were compared with~ 99m Tc-GFR in different stage of CKD.Totally 670 patients were randomly selected as the training sample,the remaining 90 patients constituted the validation sample.We used stepwise multiple regression to refit the equation of MDRD and the regression models were developed by using the training sample.The refitting equation was then tested and compared with the other equation in the validation sample.Results (1)Both the MDRD and CG-GFR prediction equations seemd to systematically underestimate GFR,but the accurancy of MDRD equation was better than CG-GFR in stage Ⅰ~Ⅲ of CKD.(2)The bias of estimated GFR(MDRD or CG-GFR equation)with ~ 99m Tc-GFR was lower in stage Ⅰ~Ⅲ than in stage Ⅳ~Ⅴ of CKD.(3)Refitting of the MDRD equation parameter estimates to Chinese patients data set resulted in the following prediction equations:GFR=234.96?(Scr)~ -0.926 ?(Age)~ -0.280 ?0.828(Female).(4)Comparing with~ 99m Tc-GFR,the bias of estimated GFR calculated by the refitting MDRD equation was lower than that of estimated with MDRD or CG especially in the stage Ⅳ~Ⅴ of CKD in Chinese patients.Conclusion the simplified equation of MDRD can estimate GRF accurately,but the equation must be refitted in Chinese patients.

AIM: To explore the feasibility of using vector-based small interfereing RNA(siRNA) to inhibit the expression of MDR1 mRNA and P-glycoprotein and to reverse the multidrug resistance of drug-resistant ovarian cancer cell line.METHODS: An adriamycin-resistant human ovarian cancer cell subline OVCAR/AR was established by stepwise inducement.Another mutidrug-resistant human ovarian cancer cell subline OVCAR/MDR was established by transfecting multidrug resistant gene 1(MDR1) into ovarian carcinoma cell line OVCAR-3.Transfection of MDR1 mRNA specific siRNA expressing plasmids(pSN/mdr1a and pSN/mdr1b) into OVCAR/AR and OVCAR/MDR cells was performed using liposome transfection reagents.MDR1 mRNA expression level was quantified using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(real time RT-PCR).Flow cytometry(FCM) was performed to assess the expression of p-glycoprotein(P-gp).Multidrug resistant to anticancer agents was evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay.RESULTS: Basal MDR1 mRNA expression level in drug-resistant cell line OVCAR/MDR was higher than that in OVCAR/AR cell line,and was both higher than that in its parent cell line OVCAR-3.The expression of MDR1 mRNA and P-gp protein in both OVCAR/AR and OVCAR/MDR cells was inhibited dramatically by transfecting with pSN/mdr1a and pSN/mdr1b.The reversal rate of chemoresistance to adriamycin in OVCAR/AR and OVCAR/MDR transfected with pSN/mdr1a and pSN/mdr1b was 79.5% and 93.9%,compared with control group.CONCLUSION: MDR1 expression in the drug-resistant cell lines is partially inhibited by treatment with vector-based MDR1 specific small interference RNAs at the mRNA and protein level,which increases the chemotherapy sensitivity of these drug resistant ovarian carcinoma cell sublines.

Objective Toinvestigatethevalueofimagingdiagnosisofthe lymphangioleiomyomatosis( LAM ).MethodsFifteen patients with LAM confirmed by pathological assessment were analyzed retrospectively for radiologic findings.They had chest radiograph, chest highresolution CT (HRCT),abdominal CT, direct lymphangiography(DLG), chest CT and abdominal CT after DLG.Results Chest radiograph findings included normal (1),increasing of lung markings (3),disseminated honeycomb or reticular pattern ( 11 ), pneumothorax ( 2 ), and pleural effusion ( 14 ). Chest conventional CT and HRCT showed typical imaging manifestation of PLAM in all cases, including sporadic or disseminated cysts in bilateral lungs. According to the grading standard of pulmonary disease made by Avila et at, there were 3 cases in grade Ⅰ , 5 cases in grade Ⅱ and 7 cases in grade Ⅲ . Fourteen of 15 patients with LAM had positive abdominal CT findings in retroperitoneum and pelvic cavity. Common abdominal CT findings included cystic lymphangioma in 9 of 14 patients, lymphangiomyoma in 13 and both coexisting in 7.One of the14patients alsohadhepaticlipomaandangiomyolipomas.Onepatienthadrenal angiomyolipomas; and one patient had hysteromyoma. All 15 cases underwent DLG, 1 cases had lymphatic obstruction in the lumbar 3 level, the remaining 14 cases had varying degrees of thoracic duct stenosis, or obstruction. Neck trunk, subclavian trunk and bronchial trunk showed lymphatic reflux. On post-DLG CT,thoracic duet outlet obstruction was not demonstrated in 3 cases, the remaining 12 cases showed thoracic outlet obstruction, consistent with the DLG findings.Conclusion HRCT is a useful diagnostic method showing characteristic findings of PLAM. MSCT can help to detect abdominal LAM. DLG and MSCT after DLG have value in displaying obstruction site of thoracic duct or lymphatic trunks and provide guidance for operative treatment.

Objective To observe the clinical effect of moxibustion on body sub-health fatigue state.Methods 120 cases of body sub-health patients were randomly divided into A,B,C three groups,with 40 cases in each group.Group A was treated with moxibustion,group B was treated with acupuncture therapy,and group C (control group) did not receive any measure of treatments.Fatigue scale (FS) was adopted to the three groups respectively for measuring physical fatigue score,mental fatigue score and total fatigue score before and after the treatment.Treatment efficacy was evaluated and analyzed after three weeks of continuous treatment.Results The total score of fatigue scale was 6.10 ± 2.47、6.82± 2.36、and 10.10±2.66 respectively in group A,group B and group C.Compared with group C,the difference in group A and group B was statistically significant (P＜0.01).Compared with group B,the difference in group A was not statistically significant (P＞0.05) ; The Physical fatigue points of group A,B,C was 2.46± 2.06、3.60 ± 2.24 and 5.03 ± 2.66 respectively.Compared with C group,the difference in group A and group B was statistically significant (P＜0.01).Compared with group B,the difference in group A was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Conclusions Moxibustion and acupuncture can effectively improve patients total body sub-health state of fatigue.Moxibustion treatment showed better effects in alleviating physical fatigue,

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of acupoint catgut embedding on gastrointestinal dysfunction after surgery in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.Methods Sixty-eight consecutively hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction after surgery in patients with severe traumatic brain injury admitted to the Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine from January 2015 to December 2015 were enrolled.Six of those patients were withdrawn from the course of observation,and actually only 62 patients entered the study.They were divided into an observation group (32 cases) and a control group (30 cases) by random number table.All the patients of two groups were given conventional treatment of western medicine for consecutive 7 days.The observation group was additionally treated with acupoint catgut embedding.The control group took mosapride tablets via a nasogastric tube 5 mg,3 times a day.Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP),gastric residual volume (GRV),time for reaching standard enteral nutrition,serum diamine oxidase(DAO),D-Lactate activity,incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP),hospitalization days in ICU,28-day mortality and adverse reactions of acupoint catgut embedding were observed in the two groups.Results After treatment,the levels of IAP,DAO,D-lactic acid were lower than those before treatment,GRV was less than that before treatment in the two groups,and after treatment for 7 days the changes were more significant in the observation group [IAP (cmH2O,1 cmH2O =0.098 kPa):12.42±3.11 vs.17.70 ± 2.98,GRV (mL):129.54 ± 57.54 vs.242.91 ± 99.29,DAO (U/L):9.06± 2.84 vs.13.60 ± 7.16,D-Lactate (mg/L):16.47 ± 5.39 vs.26.29 ± 9.62,all P ＜ 0.01].Days of mechanical ventilation (days:6.97 ± 4.13 vs.9.23 ± 4.61),time for reaching standard enteral nutrition (days:4.25 ± 3.15 vs.5.50 ± 3.12) and hospitalization days in ICU (days:9.50± 4.03 vs.12.20 ± 6.38) in observation group were significantly shorter than those in control group (all P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of HAP [15.6％ (5/32) vs.40.0％ (12/30)] and 28-day mortality [3.1％ (1/32) vs.6.7％ (2/30)] in observation group were obviously lower than those in control group.The patients in observation group had no significant adverse reactions of acupoint catgut embedding.Conclusions Acupoint catgut embedding therapy is not only easy to operate,but also can effectively improve gastrointestinal motility and intestinal barrier function in patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction after surgery of severe head injury,thus it is beneficial to reaching the enteral nutritional goal in less time,reducing the incidence of HAP,shortening the hospitalization time in ICU and promoting the recovery of the patients.

Objective To investigate the oxalate-degrading and growth abilities of lactic acid bacteria coming from yoghourt in vitro culture broth. Methods The species of lactic acid bacteria obtained from 6 brands of yoghourt were identified. Different brands of yoghourt were separately cultured in broth and incubated at 37 ℃,5% CO2 for 48 h, getting the concentration of lactic acid bacteria through slab counting method. The brand of yoghourt with the highest quantity of bacteria was chosen as the study subject. Three species of bacteria and the mixture bacteria obtained from the chosen brand of yoghourt were cultured separately for 72 h in MRS broth which contained three different concentrations of ammonium oxalate, and the broth without inoculating of bacterium was prepared as control. The amount of bacteria in culture was detected, the concentration of ammonium oxalate was detected through photometric determination of oxalic acid by its catalytic reaction of methyl red by potassium chromate. Results Three species of lactic acid bacteria (L.bulgaria, L.acidophilus and L.thermophilus) were detected in each brand of yoghourt. The quantity of bacteria in Weiquan yoghourt is the highest. After 72 h incubation, the concentrations of oxalate in all the broths containing bacteria were lower than those in the control. L.acidophilus showed the best degrading activity. The higher the concentration of oxalate was, the bigger the amount of oxalate degraded was, the smaller the percent of degrading was, and the less the growth ability of bacteria was. Conclusion All the species coming from yoghourt have the ability of oxalate degrading, which increases with the concentration of oxalate in culture.But the high concentration of oxalate restrains the growth of bacteria.