Humans ; Interleukin-18 ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; etiology ; pathology ; Silicosis ; complications ; pathology ; physiopathology

Objective To explore the application of adenosine triphosphate (ATP )bioluminescence assay in evaluating cleaning quality of medical devices.Methods Manual and machine cleaned medical devices were randomly selected from central sterile supply department of a hospital in 2011 -2013,cleaning quality was detected with ATP biolumi-nescence assay,relative light unit (RLU)value was determined to assess the cleaning quality.Results A total of 460 pieces of cleaned devices were detected in 2011 -2013,404 (87.83%)were qualified.The qualified rates of manual cleaning and machine cleaning were 70.73% and 94.07% respectively,the qualified rates of general surgical devices and lumen devices were 90.71 % and 81 .76% respectively,there were significant differences in qualified rates of different cleaning methods and different categories of medical devices (both P <0.01 ).The qualified rates of manual cleaning in 2011 - 2013 were 32.35%,79.63%,and 94.29% respectively,machine cleaning were 79.45%,98.15%,and 98.08% respectively;differences in qualified rates of manual cleaning and machine cleaning in different years were significant (all P <0.01 ).Conclusion ATP bioluminescence assay can be used for evalua-ting cleaning quality of medical devices.

Objective To elucidate the expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) on dendritic cells(DCs) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and to explore the correlation between hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistent infection and TLR3 expression. Methods Sixty CHB patients (CHB group) and 20 healthy controls (control group) were enrolled. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and CD14~+ monocytes were sorted by immunomagnetic beads. Immature DCs (imDC) were induced and proliferated in vitro and mature DCs (mDC) were obtained after the poly I:C stimulation. The expression of intracellular TLR3 mRNA was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and surface markers [CD80 and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR] were determined by flow cytometry after 48 h of stimulation. The comparison of quantitative data was done using t test. The qualitative data were compared using chi-square test.Results The mean fluorescence intensities (MFI) of intracellular TLR3 of imDC before poly I:C stimulation in CHB group and control group were 1212.05 ± 250.80 and 1192.95 ± 301.40,respectively, which were not significantly different (t = 0. 280, P>0. 05). While after stimulation,those were 1352.98± 313.67 and 1593. 00± 349. 65, respectively, the latter was significantly higher than the former (t = 2. 880, P<0. 05). The levels of TLR3 mRNA inside mDCs in both groups were increased after poly I:C stimulation, which were 0. 1204 ±0.0267 and 0. 1780 ± 0.0664, respectively in CHB group and control group, and that in control group was significantly higher (t = 3. 909, P<0.05). Furtherly, patients in CHB group were divided into HBeAg(+ ) and HBeAg( -) subgroups.After stimulation, the MFI and mRNA of TLR3 inside mDC were greatly elevated in both subgroups,but there were no difference between these two subgroups (t = 0. 366, P>0. 05). Conclusions The intracellular expressions of TLR3 in mDC in CHB group and control group are obviously increased after the poly I:C stimulation, but the increased level in CHB group is lower than that in control group. The results suggest that the insufficiency of TLR3 synthesis may be related to the HBVpersistent infection.

Objective To detect the expression of type Ⅰ interferon in monocyte-derived dendritic cells(MoDCs)after Toll like receptor(TLR)3 triggered in patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB),and to evaluate immune responses of CHB patients and its roles in the mechanisms of persistent infection of hepatitis B virus(HBV)and chronicity of hepatitis.Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)were isolated and purified using magnetic beads(plasma was saved simultaneously)from 26 CHB patients and 18 healthy volunteers(HV).Dendritic cells(DCs)were induced and proliferated in a culture medium with recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor(rhGM-CSF)and recombinant human interleukin(rhIL-4).EX3s were stimulated with Poly Ⅰ:C and the supernatants were collected at 0 h and 24 h after stimulation.Type Ⅰ interferon(IFN-α and IFN-β)in plasma and supernatants were examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The levels of type Ⅰ interferon in plasma were not significantly different in groups of HV and CH B.IFN-α and IFN-β expressions in supernatants before Poly Ⅰ:C stimulation were(80.00±16.15)ng/L,(36.39±13.90)ng/L in CHB group and(76.76±15.90)ng/L,(37.14±13.68)ng/L in HV group,respectively.And there were no statistical differences between two groups(t=1.651,t=0.178;both P＞0.05).IFN-α expressions in supernatants at 24 h after stimulation in two groups were both higher than those before stimulation(at 0 h),but there were no statistical differences(t=1.534,t=1.243;both P＞0.05).IFN-β expressions in supernatants at 24 h after stimulation in HV group was(54.57±16.80)ng/L,which was significantly higher than that at 0 h(37.14±13.68)ng/L(t=4.061,P＜0.05).However,there was no significant difference at 24 h than tht at 0 h in CHB group(t=1.796,P＞0.05).At 24 h after stimulation.IFN-β level was(54.57±16.80)ng/L in HV group,which was significantly higher than that[(41.64±12.57)ng/L]in CHB group(t=2.921,P＜0.05).Conclusions Functions of MoDCs from CHB patients are impaired and MoDCs could not express type Ⅰ interferon normally.Expression of type Ⅰ interferon after TLR3 triggered in CHB patients is mainly IFN-β.

Objective To understand the immune regulatory function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) in patients with chronic severe hepatitis B (CSHB) and its roles in the severe illness progression of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) by detecting surface phenotype of MoDC and expression level of cytokines in MoDC after polyl : C treatment. Methods The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated by Ficoll density gradient separation from 37 patients with CSHB, 20 patients with CHB, and 20 healthy controls (NC). Purified PBMC were acquired using immunomagnetic anti-CD14-beads. Then PBMC were induced to immature dendritic cell (iDC) in vitro. PolyI : C was added to induce DC maturation. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the phenotype marker molecules including HLA-DR, CD83, CD86 and CD80 on surface of iDC and mature DC (mDC) were detected by flow cytometry. The supernatants of MoDC culture were collected at 12,24 and 48 h after polyI : C treatment, respectively and the release levels of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Comparisons among groups were done by single factor analysis of variance and homogeneity of variance was tested. Results There were no significant differences of phenotype marker molecules on cell surface of iDC, including HLA-DR, CD83, CD86 and CD80 in CSHB, CHB and NC groups.However, the expressions of HLA-DR, CD83, CD86 and CD80 on cell surface of mDC in CSHB group were lower than those in CHB and NC groups (F=59.73, 13.95, 34.80 and 73.02, respectively; all P＜0. 05). The secretions of IL-12 at three time points of 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after polyI : C treatment in group NC were higher than those in CHB and CSHB groups (F= 151.34, 126.65 and 72.76, respectively; P＜0.05), and peaked at 24 h which were (48.2±7.6), (56.7±11.8) and (97.8±16.2) ng/L, respectively. The secretions of IL-6 at the above three time points were CSHB＞CHB＞NC (F=92.50, 86.89 and 64.57, respectively; all P＜0. 05) and peaked at 12 h which were (1698.3±340.4), (965.8±231.7), (697.8±213.6) ng/L, respectively. The secretions of TNF-αat the above three time points were CSHB＞CHB＞NC (F=58.66, 122.36 and 44.73, respectively;all P＜0. 05) and were (19 672. 7±4214. 7), (9946. 1 ± 2586 5), (6659. 2±955. 8) ng/L,respectively at 24 h after treatment. Conclusions MoDCs of CSHB patients show mature defection and abnormal cytokine secretion. The expression level of IL-12 which mediates cellular immune is low.Meanwhile, the productions of IL-6 and TNF-α which mediate inflammatory response are up-regulated. This may be one of the major factors which lead to exacerbation of liver inflammation and ultimately development of severe hepatitis.

Objective To evaluate the clinical performance of CLINITEK Atlas urine dry chemistry analyzer and its supplementary strips,which could be used for other hospitals as reference.Methods Five hundred and one samples of random fresh urine were collected and analyzed by CLINITEK Atlas urine dry chemistry analyzer.10 parameters were reported for each sample,including SG,pH,BLD,LEU,PRO,GLU,KET,UBG,BIL and NIT.According to the medicals standard of the People's Republic of China,General Technical Requirements for Urine Analyzer(YY/T 0475-2004),General Technical Requirements for Chemical Reagent Strips for Urinalysis(YY/T 0478-2004)and physical,Chemical and Microscopic Examination of Urine(WS/T 229-2002),the precision,accuracy,carryover,stability,sensitivity and consistency of each parameter were evaluated.The agreement was assessed between the results for BLD and LEU obtained from CLINITEK Atlas analyzer and phase contrast microscope,and calculated the sensitivity and specificity of CLINITEK Atlas analyzer for BLD and LEU using phase contrast microscope as the gold standard.SG and pH test was performed among 200 specimens by CLINITEK Atlas analyzer,and then compared with the results obtained from MASTER-SUR-NM specific gravity refractometer and pH precision test strips respectively.In addition to SG and pH,the other eight parameters were compared with the results obtained from CLINITEK 500 urine analyzer,and Kappa value and consistency were calculated.Results The accuracy,precision,sensitivity,carryover and stability of 10 parameters could meet all the requirement of standards.SG and pH had good correlation with urine specific gravity refractometer (r =0.9838,P ＜0.001)and pH meter (r =0.8884,P ＜0.001),respectively.Compared with phase contrast microscope,BLD and LEU had coincidence rates of 90.4％ and 90.8％,respectively; Sensitivities were 90.7％ (301/332) and 83.3％ (200/240) ; Specificities were 89.9％ (152/169) and 97.1％ (255/261).Compared with CLINITEK 500,all the parameters,except for SG and pH,had good coincidence rates of ＞ 87.6％.Conclusion The performance of CLINITEK Atlas urine dry chemistry analyzer can meet the clinical requirements of all standards.

Objective To investigate the CT characteristics of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and evaluate the diagnostic value of CT in this disease.Methods The CT findings of 10 patients with pathologically proved anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed.The patients included 7 females and 3 males.Their age ranged from 25.0 to 78 years with median of 61 years.Multi-slices plain and post contrast CT scans were performed in all patients.Results Unilateral thyroid was involved in 6 patients.Unilateral thyroid and thyroid isthmus were both involved in 2 patients due to big size.Bilateral thyroid were involved in 2 patients.The maximum diameter of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma ranged from 2.9-12.8 cm with mean of (4.5 ± 1.4) cm.All lesions demonstrated unclear margins and envelope invasion.The densities of all lesions were heterogeneous and obvious necrosis areas were noted on precontrast images.Seven lesions showed varied calcifications,and coarse granular calcifications were found in 5 lesions among them.All lesions showed remarkable heterogenous enhancement on post-contrast CT.The CT value of solid portion of the tumor increased 40 HU after contrast media administration.The ratios of CT value which comparing of the tumor with contralateral sternocleidomastoid muscle were 0.69-0.82 (0.76 ± 0.18)and 1.25-1.41 (1.33 ± 0.28)on pre and post CT,respectively.Enlarged cervical lymph nodes were found in 6 cases (60.0％).It showed obvious homogeneous enhancement or irregular ring-like enhancement on post-contrast images and dot calcifications were seen in 1 case.Conclusions Relative larger single thyroid masses with coarse granular calcifications,necrosis,envelope invasion,remarkable heterogeneous enhancing and enlarged lymph nodes on CT are suggestive of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

AIM: To evaluate effects of Pinaverium Bromide on different segments and layers of colonic smooth muscle in wrap restraint stress (WRS) rats and explore its possible therapeutic mechanism on different types of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS: Adult SD rats were randomly divided into model group (wrap restraint stress group) and control group. Colonic smooth muscle strips were made from different segments and layers in two groups. The spontaneous contraction activities of colonic longitudinal/circular muscle (LM/CM) strips of rats were observed with organ bath system before and after addition of series concentrations of pinaverium. RESULTS: Pinaverium Bromide caused concentration-dependent inhibition of colonic smooth muscle, the inhibitory effect of pinaverium in model group was significantly stronger than that in control group(proximal colon: 28.54±4.82 vs 7.48±1.65,21.75±1.00 vs 12.56±3.15; distal colon: 15.71±5.27 vs 3.89±1.16, 20.16±3.16 vs 7.56±1.96 )(P<0.05). Compared with that of distal colon, inhibitory effect of pinaverium was significantly higher of proximal colon (P<0.05). For the inhibition of pinaverium, there was no significant difference between LM and CM strips in the same intestinal segments (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Effects of Pinaverium Bromide on different colonic muscle layers and segments in WRS rats is probably related with its therapeutic mechanism on different types of IBS.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) early after kidney transplantation (＜3 months).Method Five cases of AMI early posttransplantation among 122 kidney transplant recipients from June 2011 to December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed.Results Of 5 AMI patients,there were 2 cases within one week postoperatively,one case at 11 th day postoperation,and the other two at 29th day and 46th day after operation respectively.Acute left heart failure was complicated in 3 cases within first two weeks.All the AMI patients had elevated TnⅠ levels which declined subsequently.The climax of TnⅠ levels in all the 5 AMI patients were above 5 ng/mL,and more than 20 ng/mL in two AMI patients within one week.Given by symptomatic and supportive treatment,antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies and cardioprotective medications,all the five AMI patients were improved.Low molecular heparin was additionally administrated to the 2 cases within first week according to the severe conditions.New emerged small volume of hematocele was proved by ultrasound after 3 days and low molecular heparin was ceased.All the 5 patients survived and neither thrombolysis nor percutaneous coronary intervention therapy was given to them.Conclusion In addition to general prevention against AMI in kidney recipients with high risk factors,managing anemia and hypertensiorn,and improving graft function and systematic status are also important to decrease the risk of AMI.Moreover,cardioprotective therapy including antiplatelet therapies,beta-blockers,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin-2 receptor blockers and statins,which are recommended to the general population with AMI,will also profit to the kidney transplant recipients with AMI.However,aggressive intervention therapies might be more prudent to be used in this population.

Objective To investigate the changes of calmodulin kinase Ⅱ (CaMK Ⅱ) and cAMP responsive element binding protein(CREB) expressing in primary cultured hippocampal neurons and its relationship with learning and memory deficit after 2000 μW/cm2 electromagnetic radiation.Methods Primary cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro were randomly divided into normal control group,sham-radiated group,and 1 h/d,2 h/d,3 h/dradiation groups.The neurons in the radiation groups were received microwave exposure of 2000 μW/cm2.The change of CaMK Ⅱ and CREB protein in hippocampal neurons of each group of rats were measured with western blot,and the expression of CaMK Ⅱ and CREB mRNA in hippocampus were determined by RT-PCR.Results Compared with control group((0.78 ± 0.07),(0.62 ± 0.12)),the expression of CaMK Ⅱ protein (1 h/d(0.59 ±0.05),2h/d(0.44 ±0.08),3h/d(0.18 ±0.04)) and its mRNA(1h/d(0.41 ±0.08),2h/d(0.34 ±0.04),3h/d(0.24 ±0.02)) was obviously decreased (P＜0.05).Compared with control group((0.69 ±0.10),(0.80 ±0.12)),the expression of CREB protein(1h/d(0.49 ±0.05),2h/d(0.4 ±0.04),3h/d(0.17 ±0.03))and its mRNA (1 h/d (0.68 ± 0.11),2h/d (0.53 ± 0.08),3h/d (0.30 ± 0.03)) was obviously decreased after radiation(P＜0.05).Conclusion Electromagnetic radiation of 2000 μW/cm2 exposure could weaken the learning and memory abilities of rats and the decreases in the expression of CaMK Ⅱ and CREB protein and their mRNA in hippocampus may be involved in the pathophysiological process of learning and memory deficit.