Sperm ultrastructural abnormalities are often associated with sperm motility, the integrity of genetic material, and the fertilization potential. The investigation of sperm ultrastructural abnormalities is based on the evolution of microscopy techniques. In his paper, we review the improvement of the microscopy techniques and the ultrastructure of several specific morphological defects and he apoptotic spermatogenic cells in order to expound the significance of sperm ultrastructural observation in clinical practice. We deem it necessary to analyze the sperm ultrastructure before exploring the pathology and adopting assisted reproductive technology for some special patients with teratozoospermia.
Humans ; Male ; Microscopy ; Spermatozoa ; abnormalities ; ultrastructure

Objective To study the mechanism of pregnancy immune tolerance induced by adoptive transferring of FasL gene-modified dendritic cells(DC). Methods The mouse models of spontaneous abortion(CBA/J ? DBA/2) and normal pregnancy(CBA/J ? BALB/c) were established.Five different experimental groups were included: mice of normal pregnancy(CBA/J?BALB/c)(n=17),served as control group;mice of spontaneous abortion without treatment(CBA/J?DBA/2)(n=37),mice injected with DC culture medium(DCCM)(n=25);mice immunized with empty plasmid pcDNA3.1-DC(n=6);and mice immunized with pcDNA3.1-FasL-DC(n=5).Embryo resorption rates of pregnant mice in each groups were observed.Annexin V-FITC was used to detect the apoptosis of T cells.Immunohistochemical staining(SABC) was used to detect the expression of FasL in decidual membranes of pregnant mice. ResultsThe embryo resorption rate of mice immunized with FasL-DC was decreased significantly as compared with that of mice of spontaneous abortion without treatment,DCCM group and immunized with pcDNA3.1-DC(P0.05). Conclusion The decreased apoptosis rate of peripheral T cells and the reduced expression of FasL in decidual membranes may be an important mechanism for the pathogenesis of abortion.Adoptive transfer of FasL gene-modified DC may induce pregnancy immune tolerance by increasing FasL expression of maternal-fetal interface and decreasing embryo resorption rate.

Objective To study the biodistribution of anti-HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody Herceptin labeled by 131I(131I-Herceptin) in healthy KM mice and nude mice bearing human ovarian cancer xenografts and radioimmunoimaging (RII) of the nude xenografts-bearing mice.Methods 131I-Herceptin was prepared using Iodogen method.The labeling efficiency, radiochemical purity, stability and immunocompetence were measured.The percentage activity of injection dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) and the radioactivity ratio of tumor to non-tumor tissue (T/NT) were calculated for each time point.The optimal time for imaging was investigated by comparing the 131I-Herceptin SPECT for the nude mouse models bearing ovarian cancer xenografts at different time points.Results The labeling efficiency and radiochemical purity of 131I-Herceptin were 89.8% and 98.4%, respectively.The labeling was stable and had good immunocompetence.131 I-Herceptin was cleared rapidly mainly through liver, spleen and kidneys, consistent with first order two-compartment model.The uptake of 131I-Herceptin in the tumors bearing human SKOV-3 xenografts was much higher than that in nontumor tissue.The% ID/g was 18.08 in the tumor at 24 h post injection.The T/NT ratio increased with time and was 27.27 at 72 h post injection.The tumors in nude mice bearing SKOV-3 xenografts could be visualized on 131I-Herceptin SPECT imaging 2 h post injection; definitely identiffed 48 h post injection and the radioactivity ratio of tumor to contralateral tissue was 11.44 at 120 h post injection.However, the tumor in nude mice bearing HO-8910 xenografts did not show abnormal uptake of 131 I-Herceptin at each time point.Conclusions 131 I-Herceptin is a good radiopharmaceutical targeting SK-OV-3 xeuografts and it may be useful in imaging carcinoma of ovary and target therapy of its metastases with high HER-2/neu expression.

BACKGROUNDChemokines and their receptors have been a research focus in transplantation immunology. Chemokines and their receptors play a role in lymphocyte recruitment and differentiation process. This study aimed to observe whether IL-4 and IL-10 may regulate the expression of chemokine receptors CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3 on CD4(+) T cells in CBA/JxDBA/2 mouse model and to explore the role of CCR3, CCR5, CXCR3 in immune tolerance in pregnancy.

METHODSThe mouse model of spontaneous abortion (CBA/JxDBA/2) and the normal pregnant mouse model (CBA/JxBALB/c) were used. CBA/JxDBA/2 mice were injected with IL-4 (CBA/JxDBA/2-IL-4), IL-4 and IL-10 (CBA/JxDBA/2-IL-4+IL-10), or normal saline (CBA/JxDBA/2-NS) as a control. The expression of CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3 on CD4(+) T cells from mouse peripheral blood was measured by the double-labelled FCM method, and the embryo resorption rate was also examined.

RESULTSThe embryo resorption rate in the CBA/JxDBA/2 group without any treatment was significantly higher than that in the CBA/JxBALB/c group (17.9% vs 3.7%, P < 0.01). The embryo resorption rate in the CBA/JxDBA/2 group immunized with IL-4 or IL-4 together with IL-10 was significantly decreased, compared with that in the control and NS groups respectively. CCR3 expression on CD4(+) T cells in the CBA/JxDBA/2 group without any treatment was significantly lower than that in the CBA/JxBALB/c group (0.3738 +/- 0.3575 vs 1.2190 +/- 0.2772, P < 0.01); both CCR5 (3.0900 +/- 1.5603 vs 1.2390 +/- 0.6361, P < 0.01) and CXCR3 (2.4715 +/- 0.9074 vs 0.9200 +/- 0.5585, P < 0.01) expressions on CD4(+) T cells of the CBA/JxDBA/2 group without any treatment were significantly higher than those of the CBA/JxBALB/c group. Significant up-regulation of CCR3 and down-regulation of CXCR3 were found in the CBA/JxDBA/2 group treated with IL-4 (CCR3: 2.0360 +/- 0.6944, CXCR3: 1.3510 +/- 0.5263, P < 0.01) or IL-4 and IL-10 (CCR3: 1.8160 +/- 1.0947, CXCR3:1.0940 +/- 0.7168, P < 0.01). Because of the CCR5, IL-4 and IL-10 (1.9400 +/- 0.8504 vs 3.0900 +/- 1.5603, P < 0.05), but IL-4 alone (2.5310 +/- 1.3595 vs 3.0900 +/- 1.5603, P > 0.05) treatment significantly decreased the expression of CCR5 in CBA/JxDBA/2.

CONCLUSIONSThe abnormal expression of CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3 on CD4(+) T cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortion. The pregnancy immune tolerance may be induced through selective induction of CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3 expressions by IL-4 together with IL-10.

Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Embryo Loss ; metabolism ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Female ; Interleukin-10 ; pharmacology ; Interleukin-4 ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Pregnancy ; Receptors, CCR3 ; metabolism ; Receptors, CCR5 ; metabolism ; Receptors, CXCR3 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Tongluo Xingnao effervescent tablets on learning and memory capacity and expression of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in hippocampus of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia-induced learning and memory dysfunction model.

METHODThe 2-VO method was used to establish sd rat model learning and memory dysfunction induced by chronic cerebral ischemia. The 50 rats in the successfully established model were randomly divided into the model control group, the Dihydroergotoxine Mesylate tablets group (0.7 mg x kg(-1), Tongluo Xingnao effervescent tablets high dose (7.56 g x kg(-1)), middle dose (3.78 g x kg(-1)) and low dose (1.59 g x kg(-1)) groups and the sham operation group (n = 10) as the control group. The groups were orally given 10 ml x kg(-1) x d(-1) drugs for consecutively 90 days. On the 86th day, Morris water maze was adopted for them. On the 90th day, a leaning and memory capacity test was held. The brain tissues were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and observed for pathomorphism after routine slide preparation and staining. The expression of hippocampal Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase was detected with immunohistochemistry and image quantitative analysis.

RESULTCompared with the model group, all of Tongluo Xingnao effervescent tablets groups showed significant decrease in the escape latency at the 5th day in the Morris water maze, and notable increase in the frequency of the first quadrant dwell, the frequency passing the escape platform and the frequency entering effective area (p < 0.05). According to the pathomorphological detection, the control group showed a significantly higher pathological score than the sham operation group (p < 0.01), the middle dose group showed a significantly lower pathological score than the model group (p < 0.05). According to the immunohistochemistical detection, the model control group showed a remarkably lower mean OD value of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase than the sham operation group (p < 0.05), high and middle dose groups showed a significantly higher mean od value than the model control group (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONTongluo Xingnao effervescent tablets can improve the learning and memory capacity, reduce pathological changes of hippocampal tissues of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia-induced learning and memory dysfunction model, and promote the expression of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in hippocampus.

Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; psychology ; Chronic Disease ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Humans ; Learning ; drug effects ; Male ; Memory ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Tablets ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of noise exposure level and cumulative noise exposure (CNE) on the relationship between rs2070424 and rs10432782 SNPs in SOD1 and the susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL).

METHODSA case-control study was performed for investigating the effects of environmental risk factors on the susceptibility to NIHL in 201 sensitive workers and 202 resistant workers.A questionnaire was utilized to investigate the occupational health and to identify the occupational risk factors. The noise exposure levels were detected according to the Chinese standard Measurement of noise in the workplace (GBZ/T 189.8-2007). The peripheral blood samples (5 ml blood for each sample) were from sensitive workers and resistant workers. Genomic DNA was extracted on the basis of the standard procedures of Takara kit. SNPs were detected using standard procedures of TaqMan probe allele identification method.

RESULTSIn group exposed to 85 - 92 dB noise (A), the risk of NIHL in the subjects with the AA genotype of rs2070424 was lower than that in the subjects with the GG genotype, OR = 0.37 (95%CI: 0.17∼ 0.80). In group exposed to > 82 dB CNE (A), the AA genotype of rs2070424 is a protective factor of NIHL, as compared with the GG genotype, OR = 0.25 (95%CI: 0.09 ∼ 0.70). In group exposed to 85 - 92 dB noise (A), the risk of NIHL in the subjects with the GG genotype of rs10432782 was compared with the risk of NIHL in the subjects with the TT genotype, OR = 3.17 (95%CI: 1.16 ∼ 6.89). The GT genotype was compared with TT genotype, OR = 2.39 (95%CI: 1.16 ∼ 4.97). In group exposed to 75 ∼ 82 dB CNE (A), the risk of NIHL in the subjects with the GG genotype was compared with the risk of NIHL in the subjects with the TT genotype, OR = 2.35 (95%CI: 0.96 ∼ 5.72), P = 0.06. The GG genotype may bea risk factor of NIHJ.

CONCLUSIONThe noise exposure level and CNE may influence the relationship between rs2070424, rs10432782 SNPs in SOD1 and noise-induced hearing loss.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced ; etiology ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Noise, Occupational ; adverse effects ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Superoxide Dismutase ; genetics ; Superoxide Dismutase-1 ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo determine if pathologic examination can be useful in both diagnosing cervical paraganglioma and deducing its vagal origin.

METHODSFour cases of vagal paraganglioma were studied by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry, with clinical and radiologic (computerized tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging) correlation.

RESULTSAll patients were females and complained of upper neck mass with symptoms and signs of vagus nerve involvement, such as hoarseness of voice, ipsilateral vocal cord dysfunction and cough induced by drinking or local pressure. Radiological examination showed a tumor mass over the common carotid artery bifurcation, lying between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein. On gross inspection, the stump of the resected vagus nerve could be identified, with nerve bundles splaying over the tumor surface. Microscopically, the tumors showed a relatively uniform nesting arrangement (Zellballen pattern) of cells and were associated with rich sinusoidal vessels and fibrous stroma. Multiple myelinated nerve fibers were present in stroma and fibrous capsule of the tumor. Sometimes, invasion of nerve trunk by tumor cells was seen. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed diffuse positivity for chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase and synaptophysin. There was no expression of cytokeratin. The sustentacular cells and nerve bundles were highlighted by S-100 protein.

CONCLUSIONIn addition to the microscopic accurate diagnosis of paraganglioma, histopathologists can be of help in deducing the vagal origin of this tumor.

Cranial Nerve Neoplasms ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Paraganglioma ; pathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vagus Nerve Diseases ; pathology

Artemisnin is a novel sesquiterpene lactone with an internal peroxide bridge structure, which is extracted from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao). Recommended by World Health Organization, artemisinin is the first-line drug in the treatment of encephalic and chloroquine-resistant malaria. In the present study, transgenic A. annua plants were developed by overexpressing the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin. Based on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods, transgenic plants of A. annua with overexpression of both HDR and ADS were obtained through hygromycin screening. The genomic PCR analysis confirmed six transgenic lines in which both HDR and ADS were integrated into genome. The gene expression analysis given by real-time quantitative PCR showed that all the transgenic lines had higher expression levels of HDR and ADS than the non-transgenic control (except ah3 in which the expression level of ADS showed no significant difference compared with control); and the HPLC analysis of artemisinin demonstrated that transgenic A. annua plants produced artemisinin at significantly higher level than non-transgenic plants. Especially, the highest content of artemisinin was found in transgenic line ah70, in which the artemisinin content was 3.48 times compared with that in non-transgenic lines. In summary, overexpression of HDR and ADS facilitated artemisinin biosynthesis and this method could be applied to develop transgenic plants of A. annua with higher yield of artemisinin.
Artemisia annua ; genetics ; metabolism ; Artemisinins ; metabolism ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Mixed Function Oxygenases ; genetics ; Oxidoreductases ; genetics ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; genetics ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To examine the prevalence of chikungunya virus in brain tissue samples from rat?like animals in Xiamen, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, and to explore whether the rat?like animals are potential sources of human chikungunya fever infections and the host of the virus. Methods Rat?like animals were trapped in residential areas, city parks, hospitals, markets and schools in Xiamen, Shenzhen and Guangzhou (Yuexiu and Baiyun districts) between January 2013 and June 2016. Brain tissue samples of the trapped animals were collected under sterile. Chikungunya virus was detected by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT?PCR). Results Totally 1092 rat?like animals were trapped, which belonged to 7 species, 3 genera, 2 families, 2 orders. Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species in the indoor environment, Rattus losea was dominant in wild environment, and 1092 brain tissue samples were collected. No detectable chikungunya virus was found in the brain tissue samples by RT?PCR. Conclusion There is a low possibility that rat?like animals act infectious sources of human chikungunya fever infections and the host of the virus.

Animals ; Antigen-Antibody Complex ; analysis ; DNA ; immunology ; DNA, Protozoan ; immunology ; Female ; In Situ Hybridization ; Lupus Nephritis ; etiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Trypanosoma ; genetics