To study the influences of the demographic evolution to government expenditure on health by using the method of generalized method of moment(GMM)by dynamic panel data of 31 provinces or cities from 1998 to 2011. The result showed that the elderly dependency ratio had a significant positive impact on government health expenditure, while the reduction of child dependency ratio would increase it. There were clear differences among regions. The elderly and child dependency ratio were both significantly positive for the eastern region, no significant effect for the central, and positive and negative respectively for the western. Therefore, it is needed to further improve the proportion of government health spending in total health expenditure, increase transfer payment, reduce regional differences and achieve the equalization of basic public health services.

Objective To research the current stress status and job stressors of the nurses,and explore the measures of relieving stress.Methods Investigation was carried out in 199 nurses of Qilu hospital by using interviewing and surveying method basing on the literature research.Results 74.4％ nurses work under high even very high stress.Benefit,promotion,workload and time allocation were the first three stressors.Ages,professional titles,education degree,departments were influential factors of stress.49.7％ of the nurses were under high job burnout.Conclusions The nurses are under high work stress and job burnout.There should be measures from environmental level,organizational level,individual level to relieve and manage the stress.

Objective To explore the role of CGRP and progesterone along with it on the etiopathology of PIH. Methods 8 specimens of umbilical vein endothelial cells from women with PIH were cultured. Four groups were divided when cultured cells were confluent: the sera of normal pregnancy women (group 1), the sera of women with PIH (group2), the mixture of the sera of women with PIH and the injection of progesterone (group3), and the same amount of media (group 4). The cultured cell were added respectively into the four different kinds of media. After 24h of incubation, the concentration of endothelin (ET) and CGRP in media were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results 1. Comparing with group1, the concentration of CGRP in group 2 decreased and ET increased significantly. Statistic difference of ET/CGRP was found between the two groups. 2. Comparing with group 1, the concentration of CGRP in group 3 was unchanged and ET increased obviously. No difference of ET/CGRP was shown between them. 3. Comparing with group 3, in group 2, the concentration of CGRP decreased obviously and that of ET unchanged. Significant difference of ET/CGRP was found. Conclusions Progesterone, along with CGRP, might delay the onset and progressing of PIH.

Objective To explore the features of clinical manifestations and electrophysiology of spinal muscular atrophy(SMA) in children.Methods The clinical features and laboratory data were analyzed in 32 children with SMA,electromyography tests were carried out in 28 patients and the muscle biopsy were performed in 24 cases.Results The 32 cases were subdivided into 3 clinical groups,15 cases were SMAⅠ,12 cases were SMAⅡ,5 cases were SMAⅢ.They were all characterized by progressive muscle weakness associated with hyptonia and atrophy.The clinical distinction between SMAⅠto SMAⅢ reflected different age of onset and disease severity.All cases of SMAⅠhad symptoms of respiratory disability,only 1 case of SMAⅡ had paradoxical breathing and none of SMAⅢ had similarly symptoms.Electromyographic studies showed a pattern of denervation with no sensory involvement.The rate of spontaneous potential was 87%,with gentle strain,the duration of motor unit was extended(30%-150%) and the amplitude of it was increased(90%-450%),the motor nerve conduction velocity was reduced slightly in 28% patients.The muscle biopsy provided evidence of skeletal muscle denervation with groups of atrophy.Conclusions The clinical features,the changes of electromyography and the muscle biopsy are valuable for diagnosis of SMA.Respiratory management will prolong survival and improve the quality of life for these patients.

Objective To study the expression and cellular localization of STAT3 and SOCS-3 in the motor neurons of normal rat spinal cord. Methods Immunocytochemistry and morphometry methods were used in the present study. Results STAT3 immunocytochemical staining was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of the motor neurons of the ventral horns, SOCS-3 immunoreactive products were extensively distributed in the neurons of the ventral and dorsal horns, glia and fibers of the spinal cord. In the ventral horn, SOCS-3 immunoreactivity was found in the nuclei and/or cytoplasm of the motor neurons.Conclusions STAT3 and SOCS-3 are extensively distributed in the normal adult rat spinal cord and SOCS-3 is existence in the forms of nuclear or cytoplasmic protein.

Objective To compare the risk factors of breast cancer in Ningxia Hui and Han women,and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of breast cancer.Methods The female patients of breast cancer treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University between May 2013 and July 2014 were chosen for case study,while other patients treated at the same hospital and during the same period who did not have breast cancer were selected as a control. An epidemiological survey was conducted using the same questionnaire among the two groups.The survey involved general demographic information,menstrual history,reproductive history,life habit and family history of cancer.Risk factors of breast cancer in Hui and Han nationalities were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.Results Logistic regression analysis showed that the abortion number(OR =2.631,P =0.028)was a risk factor for the occurrence of breast cancer in women of the Hui nationality,while physical exercise (OR =0.177,P =0.040)was a protective factor.Tumor suffered by immediate family members (OR =4.249,P =0.014),abortion number (OR =1.602,P =0.001 ),the age of the first childbirth (OR =1.253,P =0.001 )and the age of first marriage(OR =1.223,P =0.001 )were the major risk factors while physical exercise (OR =0.422,P =0.001 )was a protective factor against breast cancer in Han nationality. Conclusion The risk factors of breast cancer in the women of Hui and Han nationalities are consistent in terms of the total number of abortions and physical exercise.Compared with the Hui people,the age of first marriage,the age of first child birth,and tumor suffered by immediate family members also play a role in the occurrence of breast cancer in the Han na-tionality.

To investigate the effects of ischemia-reperfusion on the levels of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase isoforms (nNOS and iNOS), rat organotypic hippocampus slice were cultured in vitro and subjected to ischemia by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 30 min and then placed in the normal culture condition. The ischemia-reperfusion produced a time-dependent increase in nitrite levels in the culture medium. Reverse transcriptional-polymerase chain reaction showed augmented levels of mRNA for both nNOS and iNOS when compared with control at 12 h and remained increase at 36 h after OGD (P < 0.05). The protein levels of both nitric oxide synthase isoforms increased significantly as determined by Western Blot. OGD also caused neurotoxicity in this model as revealed by the elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux into the incubation solution. The results suggest that organotypic hippocampus slice is a useful model in studying ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. NO and NOS may play a critical role in the ischemia-reperfusion brain damage in vitro.
Animals, Newborn ; Cell Hypoxia ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Hippocampus/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury/*metabolism ; Tissue Culture Techniques

Objective To retrospectively analyze the treatments of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (nvAF) in elderly patients aged 80 years and over,and to investigate the influencing factors for occurrence of stroke and transient ischemic attack(TIA)and relationships between antithrombotic therapy and stroke or TIA.Methods 101 elderly patients with nvAF were enrolled and grouped according to the occurrence of stroke/TIA and antithrombotic-correlated bleeding.The influencing factors were retrospectively analyzed and antithrombotic schemes were compared.Results Incidence rate of stroke/TIA was 28.7％ (29/101).Among all patients,70 cases were treated with antiplatelet therapy,19 cases were treated with anticoagulation therapy,while 12 cases received no antithrombotic (antiplatelet or anticoagulation) therapy before stroke.Both the nvAF time course and the antithrombotic strategy were significantly different between post-AF stroke/TIA group and non-postAF stroke/TIA group(both P＜0.05).The difference was reflected in ratios of antiplatelet therapy/anticoagulation therapy.The proportion of anticoagulation therapy was higher in non stroke/TIA group(x2 =5.778,P =0.016).Different antiplatelet therapy scheme significantly affected occurrence of stroke/TIA(P＜0.05).There was no significant effect of antithrombotic schemes on hemorrhagic events(x2=0.708,P =0.702).Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension,coronary heart disease,cancer,diabetes and previous stroke history,as well as nvAF duration were the independent risk factors for post-AF stroke/TIA(OR=1.351,95 ％CI:1.129-1.617).Conclusions Currently,the proportion using anticoagulation therapy is low,and single antiplatelet therapy is the main regimen in the elderly patients with nvAF.For elderly patients with nvAF,anticoagulation therapy has a protective effect against the occurrence of post-nvAF stroke/TIA,meanwhile there is no significantly increased risk of bleeding,which makes anticoagulation therapy advisable in the elderly.The nvAF time course is one of the risk factors,which is worth experts' attention in risk evaluation of thrombus in elderly patients.

The PDB culture medium was selected to ferment the endophyte strain, and the secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi Penicillium polonicum were studied. Combined application of Sephadex LH-20, ODS and HPLC chromatographies over the ethyl acetate extract of the fermented culture led to the isolation of 6 compounds. By spectral methods, the structures were elucidated as [3, 5-dihydroxy-2-(7-hydroxy-octanoyl)]-ethylphenylacetate (1), (3, 5-dihydroxy-2- octanoyl)-ethyl phenylacetate (2), (5, 7-di- hydroxy-9-heptyl)-isobenzo pyran-3-one (3), 3-(hydroxymethyl) 4-(1E)-1- propen-1-yl-(1R, 2S, 5R, 6S)-7-oxabicyclo [4.1.0] hept-3-ene-2, 5-diol (4), (E)-2-methoxy-3-(prop-1-enyl) phenol (5) and p-hydroxylphenylethanol (6).
Biological Factors ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Endophytes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Fabaceae ; microbiology ; Fermentation ; Penicillium ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Secondary Metabolism