Agarases are glycoside hydrolases.They are grouped into?and?types,which hydrolyze?-1,3 linkages and?-1,4 linkages respectively.The paper is about advance in research of agarase including the research of biology,the classcification,the crystal structure,the catalysis mechanism and application of agarases.

Objective To conduct an empirical analysis of constitutes and changes of type 2 diabetes patients′ hospitalization expenses and find out the differences and influencing factors so as to provide hospitals and related departments with the decision basis of controlling medical costs, arranging medical resources and optimizing systems.Methods Information of type 2 diabetes patients who had been admitted to a certain first-class grade one hospital in Ningxia from 2013 to 2016 were collected and categorized.Hospitalization costs and influencing factors of the patients were comprehensively analyzed through descriptive statistics, variance analysis and regression analysis.Results The medicine and examination costs as the constitutes of hospitalization expenses were too high.Gender, length of stay, age and diabetic complications were main contributory factors of type 2 diabetes patients′ hospitalization expenses.Conclusion The costs of hospitalization of patients with type 2 diabetes are unreasonable and need to optimize.Type 2 diabetes patients′ hospitalization expenses should be effectively controlled and medical resources should be reasonably used through standardizing treatment behavior, shortening length of stay, intensifying publicity and education, enhancing prevention and reinforcing follow-ups, expanding health insurance coverage and upgrading its level.

Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM ) is an important part of traditional Chinese culture . As the car-rier of TCM culture , TCM hospital should continuously strengthen its culture construction . This is conducive to develop TCM advantages , to consolidate the development direction of TCM , to embody basic features of TCM hospital , to improve the core competitive power , to meet needs of the masses of TCM services . Therefore , fur-ther promoting the cultural construction of TCM hospital is worth thinking and practicing deeply . This article discussed the connotation and function of hospital culture , elaborated measures and effects by demonstrating the process of hospital cultural construction , and put forward ideas for the reform and innovation of hospital cultur-al construction .

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the condition and characteristics of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) of anti-infective agents and provide reference for the prevention and treatment of anti-infective agents related DILI. METHODS:Based on retrospective analysis,a total of 572 DILI reports of anti-infective agents were collected from PLA ADR monitoring center during 2009 to 2013, and then analyzed statistically in terms of patient’s age and gender,main diagonosis,categories of DILI-inducing drugs,type,route of administration,occurrence time,lab indicator,DILI types and clinical manifestations,the application of liver protective drugs,out-comes,etc. RESULTS:Among 572 DILI cases,there were 412 cases(72.03%)of male patients and 160 cases(27.97%)of female patients,and average age of the patients was(44.54±23.75)years old. ADRs were related to 57 kinds of anti-infective agents in 6 cat-egories. Rifampin was the most frequent in suspected drugs,followed by isoniazid,moxifloxacin,fluconazole,azithromycin,cefurox-ime, cefoperazone/sulbactam, levofloxacin, cefoxitin and voriconazole. Intravenous infusion was the main administration route (74.48%). The occurrence time of ADRs was mainly within two weeks (86.19%). Hepatocellular damage (93.33%) was the main type in 360 cases of ADR for evaluation of liver injury types. The majority of cases(82.17%)were cured or improved after drug with-drawal and symptomatic treatment. CONCLUSIONS:Cephalosporin,fluoroquinolones,antituberculosis and antifungal drugs might be the common agents which caused liver injury. Hepatocellular damage is the most frequent type. Most of patients have a favourable prognosis. Clinical medical staffs should strengthen the awareness of DILI caused by anti-infective agents and ehance the prevetion of it.

Objective To investigate impact of admission renal dysfunction on in-hospital and longterm outcome of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Methods This was a multicentre,observational,prospective-cohort study.Totally 718 consecutive patients were admitted to 19 hospitals in Beijing within 24 hours of onset of STEMI.Estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated according to the abbreviated MDRD equation.The patients were categorized into two groups as renal preservation group(eGFR ≥60 ml · min-1 · 1.73 m-2) and renal dysfunction group(eGFR ＜ 60 ml ·min-1 · 1.73 m-2).The association between admission renal dysfunction and in-hospital and six-year outcome was evaluated.Results A total of 718 patients with STEMI were evaluated.There were 551 men and 167 women with age of (61.0 ± 13.0) years.One hundred and thirty-three patients(18.5％) had renal dysfunction.Patients with renal dysfunction were more often female and older,more patients had hypertension,diabetes and heart failure,and more patients had ≥ Killip Ⅱ classes on admission.These patients were less likely to present with chest pain.The in-hospital mortality(16.5％ vs 2.6％,P＜0.001),major adverse cardiac events(MACE) (60.9％ vs 24.4％,P ＜0.001),six-year all-cause mortality(35.3％vs 11.4％,P ＜ 0.001),six-year cardiac mortality (15.9％ vs 5.7％,P =0.001) and six-year MACE (52.4％ vs 28.0％,P ＜ 0.001)were markedly increased in renal dysfunction group than in renal preservation group.After adjusting for other confounding factors,renal dysfunction was an independent predictor of in-hospital MACE (OR 2.120,95％ CI 1.563-2.878,P =0.003),six-year all-cause mortality (RR 2.122,95％ CI 1.127-3.996,P =0.020) and six-year MACE(RR 1.586,95％ CI 1.003-2.530,P =0.047).Conclusions The mortality and MACE in STEMI patients with renal dysfunction were higher than in those with preserved renal function.Renal dysfunction evaluated by eGFR on admission is an important independent predictor of short-term and long-term outcome in patients with acute STEMI.

Objective To describe the single needle running suture method for the urethrovesi-cal anastomosis during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy(LRP). Methods Forty-five patients of prostate cancer underwent LRP with the single needle running suture method. The technique was initi-ated by performing a fixing suture at the posterior lip of bladder neck at 4 o' clock and tying the first knot. Another suture at the nearby position of the first suture was performed to leave the first knot outside. From 5 o' clock to 8 o' clock, sutures were performed every one o' clock to secure posterior approximation, then every two o'clock a suture. To avoid a loose anastomosis, lock sutures were per-formed every 3 sutures. After completing the full circumference, the needle was drawn at the 2 o' clock for the second knot. The needle was always driven full-thickness outside-in in the bladder neck and inside-out on the urethra. Any remaining leakage could be closed with additional interrupted su-tures. Results All urethrovesical anastomosis were completed successfully. The mean anastomosis time was 16 rain(from 12 to 25 min), and mean operative time was 132 rain (112 to 185 rain). The mean catheterization time was 9 d(7 to 14 d). Three temporal urinary leaks requiring prolonged cathe-terization were identified. Forty-four patients had total urinary control in 1 year postoperatively and no other short-term or persistent complication was found with a mean follow-up of 21 months. Conclu- sion The single needle running suture method could be a simple and safe method for urethrovesical anastomosis during LRP.

Objective To explore the influence and it′s mechanism of workplace mindfulness on thriving at work of nursing staffs. Methods A cross-section survey was conducted to collect data with an online method, the multiple line hierarchical regression analysis method was performed to test the relations between variables. Results The mean workplace mindfulness score of nursewas 4.74±0.63, the mean thriving score was 3.07 ± 0.71. Workplace mindfulness had a significantly positive prediction on thriving at work (β=0.344, P<0.01) of nurses. Conclusions Workplace mindfulness could affect nurses′thriving at work, which is beneficial to improve the growth and vitality of nursing staffs, which in turn to enhance them to abundant and vigorous life.

Objective To investigate the effect of decompression with long-segment (L) or short-segment (S) fusion on the outcomes of the surgical treatment for degenerative adult scoliosis (ADS) patiens.Methods A retrospective study on 32 patients treated in our department for ADS from April 2013 to May 2015 was carried out, including 12 male and 20 female (1 : 1.7).Their average age was 66.4 (range: 51-77 years).All patients underwent decompression and fusion surgeries through posterior approach.They were divided into long-segment fusion group (L) and short-segment fusion group (S) according to fusion range.During follow-ups (FU), clinical outcomes were assessed by means of visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI).Radiographic evaluation on full-length standing film included coronal Cobb's angle, distant between C7plumb line and center sacral vertical line (C7PL-CSVL), thoracic kyphosis (TK) angle, lumbar lordosis (LL) angle, pelvic incidence (PI), and pelvic tilt (PT), PI-LL, sagittal vertical axis(SVA).Postoperative complications were also recorded.Results All patients were followed up for average 2.2 years (range:1.5-3.5 years).No significant difference of age or gender was found between two groups (L: 22, S:10) of patients (P=0.066, 0.182).As for the fusion segments, group L (6.3±1.5) was more than group S (2.9±0.3) (P=0.001).Operation time and blood loss of group L were statistically more than group S (P＜0.05).Postoperative VAS sores of back pain and leg pain as well as ODI were all improved significantly in two groups (P＜0.05).At the final FU, back pain VAS was more in group L than in group S (P＜0.05) , but no significant difference was found in leg pain VAS between two groups (P＞0.05);at the final FU, group L's ODI showed better functional recovery than group S's[(12.8±9.3)％ vs.(25.4±11.4)％, P＜0.05].With no obvious difference in the two groups (P＞0.05), coronal Cobb's angle corrected more satisfactional in group L than group S (P＜0.05).The same situation was found in C7-CSVL correction in two goup in FU (P＜0.05).Sagital balance was restored to normal alignment better in group L than group S, with increase of lumbar lordosis after surgery.The overall incidence of postoperative complications was 31.3％, including wound infection, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, transient neurological symptoms and internal fixed rod breakage, more common in group L than group S.Conclusions Decompression and fusion with internal fixation showed good clinical outcomes in the treatment of ADS.Long-segment fusion yielded better coronal and sagittal correction outcomes with higher peri-operation risks;however, short-segment fusion showed higher safety with relatively inferior correction effect.Appropriate fusion mode should be chose according to the patient's deformity features.

The single needle method for urethrovesical anastomosis with strengthened posterior fixation during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was explored. The method was initiated by performing a fixing suture with a knot at 4 o'clock of the posterior lip of bladder neck, and another suture at nearby position was performed to leave the knot outside. From 5 o'clock to 8 o'clock, sutures were performed every one o'clock to secure posterior approximation, then every two o'clock a suture. To avoid a loose anastomosis, lock sutures were performed every 3 sutures. The needle was always driven full-thickness outside-in in the bladder neck and inside-out on the urethra. After completing the full circumference, the needle was drawn near the 4 o'clock and tied at the tail end. Any leakage could be closed with additional interrupted sutures. The clinical data of 89 patients who underwent this method were retrospectively compared with those of 23 patients who underwent the single knot method. The results showed that the anastomosis, operative and catheterization time was 17.6+/-4.7 min, 134.0+/-10.7 min and 6.5+1.6 days respectively. There were 3 temporal urinary leakages identified in 89 cases requiring prolonged catheterization. No urinary leak and anastomotic stricture was confirmed, and 95.2% patients had total urinary control. It was concluded that this method was simple and safe for urethrovesical anastomosis.