Objective To compare the EC50 ～ EC95 for propofol and remifentanil targetcontrolled infusion(TCI)at loss of consciousness (LOC) and without response to a standard Hoxious painful stimulus in elderly and young adult patients.Methods A total of 102 (American society of anesthesiologists) ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study and divided into control group (aged 18-64 years,n=52) and elderly group (aged≥65 yrs,n=52).Propofol TCI was started at target plasma concentration (Cp) of 1.2 mg/L and the Cp increased by 0.3 mg/L every 30s until loss of consciousness (LOC),kept the target effectsite concentration (Ce) of propofol at LOC.Remifentani TCI was started at Cp of 2.0 μg/L,increased by 0.3 μg/Levery 30s until loss of somatic response to a tetanic stimulus (50Hz,80mA,0.25ms,4s) Cp,Ce,systolic blood pressure (SBP),diastolic blood pressure (DBP),mean artery pressure (MAP) and heart rate(HR) were recorded.The Ce of propofol at LOC,the Ce of remifentanil at loss of somatic response to noxious stimulus in 50％-95％ of the patients (EC50-EC95),and 95％ confidence interval were determined by probit method.The adjustment required for TCI propofol with remifentanil in elderly patients was explored.Results In elderly group,the propofol Ce at LOC was (2.0±0.3) mg/L,significantly lower than that in control group (2.9±0.2) mg/L (t=6.168,P＜0.01) and EC50-EC95 of remifentanil at loss of somatic response to noxious stimulus in elderly group (3.5-5.4) μg/L was similar to that in control group (3.7-5.9) μg/L.Conclusions For TCI propofol and remifentanil in elderly patients,the requirement of Ce of propofol is significantly decreased and Ce of remifentanil required in elderly patients is similar to adult patients.

Objective To investigate the pharmacodynamics of sufentanil required to inhibit the body movement induced by tetanic stimulation and skin incision when combined with propofol in patients undergoing thoracic or abdominal surgery. Methods Fifty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 18-57 yr undergoing elective thoracic or abdominal surgery were randomized into 5 groups sufentanil target effect-site concentration (Ce) (n = 10 each):0.07, 0.10, 0.14, 0.20 and 0.28 ng/ml groups. Anesthesia was induced with TCI of propofol at the target plasma concentration of 3.0-3.2 μg/ml. As soon as the patients lost consciousness, infusion of sufentanil with the corresponding Ce was started in the each group. One tetanic stimulus (frequency 50 Hz, intensity 80 mA, wave length 0.25 ms) was given after the target effect-site and plasma concentrations were balanced. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg. The concentrations of propofol and sufentanil were maintained until 4 min after skin incision. The body movement was observed during tetanic stimulation and skin incision. The effective effect-site concentration (EC50, EC94) of sufentanil and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using probit regression analysis. Results The EC50 and EC95 of sufentanil required to inhibit the body movement induced by tetanic stimulation when combined with propofol were 0.12 (95% CI 0.09-0.14) ng/ml and 0.20 (95% CI 0.17-0.31) ng/ml respectively. The EC50 and EC95 of sufentanil required to inhibit the body movement induced by skin incision when combined with propofol were 0.13 (95% CI 0.11-0.16) ng/ml and 0.21 (95% CI 0.17-0.29) ng/ml respectively. There was no significant difference in the EC50 and EC95 of sufentanil between the two different stimuli (P ＞ 0.05). Conclusion The EC50 and EC95 of sufentanil required to inhibit the body movement induced by tetanic stimulation (frequency 50 Hz, intensity 80 mA, wave length 0.25 ms) when combined with propofol were 0.12 and 0.20 ng/ml respectively, the EC50 and EC95 of sufentanil required to inhibit the body movement induced by skin incision when combined with propofol were 0.13 and 0.21 ng/ml respectively and there was no significant difference in the pharmacodynamics between the two different stimuli, indicating that tetanic stimulation as an alternative to skin incision can be used to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of anesthetics.

Objective To assess the efficacy of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) i-gel in patients required insertion of nasogastric tube before laparoscopic surgery. Methods Fifty-five ASA Ⅰ - Ⅲ patients ( Mallampati Ⅰ -Ⅲ ), aged 26-64 yr, weighing 54-73 kg, scheduled for elective laparoscopic surgery were randomly divided into 2 groups: group Ⅰ ( n= 28) and group Ⅱ ( n = 27). The size of i-gel LMA was chosen based on the patient' s weight, and i-gel LMA was inserted after induction of anesthesia with TCI of propofol and remifentanil, and iv injection of rocuronium. In group Ⅰ , the nasogastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of i-gel LMA. In group Ⅱ , the nasogastric tube was inserted through the nostril before operation. The hemodynamic parameters, SpO2 ,PETCO2 and peak airway pressure were monitored during operation. The fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores were assessed and nasogastrice tube displacement was recorled after successful LMA placement. The LMA placement time, success rate of LMA placement at the first attempt, airway sealing pressure, the occurrence of air leakage of LMA, and nasogastric tube drainage were recorded. The problems after removal of the LMA were observed and the adverse reactions within 24 h after operation were recorded. Results The hemodynamics was stable and the SpO2,peak airway pressure were within the normal range during operation in both groups. There was no significant difference in the LMA placement time, success rate of LMA placement at the first attempt, nasogastric tube drainage rate, airway sealing pressure, incidence of air leakage, fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores, problems after removal of the LMA and adverse reactions between the two groups ( P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusion i-gel LMA can provide adequate ventilation and does not interfere with the nasogastric tube drainage during laparoscopic surgery and can be used effectively for the patients required insertion of nasogastric tube before operation.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Ⅰ-gel for airway management in the patients requiring insertion of nasogastric tube before laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods Sixty patients,aged 26-64 yr,weighing 54-90 kg,of ASA physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ (Mallampati Ⅰ-Ⅲ),scheduled for elective laparoscopic surgery,were randomly divided into Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups (n =20 each) using a random number table.In group Ⅰ,the nasogastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of LMA I-gel.In group Ⅱ,the nasogastric tube was inserted through the nostril before surgery.In group Ⅲ,the nasogastric tube was inserted through the nostril before surgery,and another nasogastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of LMA I-gel after induction of anesthesia.The hemodynamic parameters,SpO2,PET CO2 and peak airway pressure were monitored during surgery.The fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores were assessed and the development of nasogastric tube displacement was recorded after successful LMA placement.The LMA placement time,success rate of LMA placement at the first attempt,depth of placement,airway sealing pressure,and occurrence of air leakage of LMA and nasogastric tube drainage were recoded.The bloodstains and gastroesophageal reflux were observed after removal of LMA Ⅰ-gel.The pH values were tested at the tip of LMA and on the dorsal and ventral sides of the body of LMA by using pH test papers.The development of adverse reactions in the oropharynx was recorded within 24 h after surgery.Results The hemodynamics was stable and SpO2,peak airway pressure and PETCO2 were all within the normal range during surgery,and Ppeak was lower than airway sealing pressure in the three groups.There were no significant differences between the three groups in LMA placement time,success rate of LMA placement at the first attempt,depth of placement,airway sealing pressure,incidence of air leakage of LMA,fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores,time for removal of LMA I-gel,incidences of adverse reactions in the oropharynx,bloodstains within the body of LMA and gastroesophageal reflux,and pH values at the tip of LMA and on the dorsal and ventral sides of the body of LMA.There was no nasogastric tube displacement in Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups.There were 7 patients developing gastric juice outflow from drainage tube of the LMA I-gel and 2 patients developing gastric juice outflow from the nostril gastrictubes in group Ⅱ.Conclusion For the patients requiring insertion of nasogastric tube before laparoscopic cholecystectomy,insertion of LMA I-gel is easy,and I-gel LMA can assure good airway sealing and adequate ventilation.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Guardian for airway management in the patients requiring insertion of nasogastric tube before laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods Sixty patients of both sexes,aged 26-64 yr,weighing 48-95 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ,with Mallampati grade Ⅰ-Ⅲ,scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia,were divided into group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (n =30 each) using a random number table.In group Ⅰ,the nasogastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of LMA Guardian.In group],the nasogastric tube was inserted through the nostril before operation,and after successful LMA Guardian placement,another nasogastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of LMA Guardian.The hemodynamic parameters,SpO2,end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide and peak airway pressure (Ppeak) were monitored during operation.The fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores were assessed after successful LMA placement,and the nasogastric tube displacement was recorded.The LMA placement time,success rate of LMA placement at first attempt,airway sealing pressure,occurrence of air leakage of LMA and nasogastric tube drainage were recorded.The bloodstains and gastroesophageal reflux were observed after removal of the LMA.The pH values were tested at the tip of LMA and on the dorsal and ventral sides of the body of LMA using pH test papers.The development of adverse reactions in the oropharynx was recorded within 24 h after operation.Results The hemodynamics was stable,the SpO2 and Ppeak were within the normal range during operation,and Ppeak was lower than airway sealing pressure in the two groups (P＞0.05),and there was no significant difference between the two groups.There was no significant difference between the two groups in the LMA placement time,success rate of LMA placement at first attempt,airway sealing pressure,score for exposure of oropharynx,development of adverse reactions in the oropharynx,consumption of anesthetics,development of bloodstains within the body of LMA and gastroesophageal reflux,and pH values at the tip of LMA and on the dorsal and ventral sides of the body of LMA (P＞0.05).Nasogastric tube drainage:the rate of nasogastric tube drainage through the LMA Guardian was 67％ in group Ⅰ;the rate of nasogastric tube drainage through the nostril was 40％,and the rate of nasogastric tube drainage though the LMA Guardian was 50％ in group Ⅱ.No nasogastric tube displacement was found after operation in group Ⅱ.Conclusion For the patients requiring insertion of nasogastric tube before laparoscopic cholecystectomy,insertion of LMA Guardian is easy,and LMA Guardian can assure good airway sealing and adequate ventilation and can be safely and effectively used for airway management in this type of patients.

To discuss the influence of dexamethasion on lL-1β and TNF - α expression in suture - induced rabbit corneal neovascularization ( CNV ) and analyze the potential mechanism.
●METHODS: For 43 healthy rabbits, 40 were randomly selected for establishing CNV model in corneal stroma. The right eyes (group A) were received no medicine and the left eyes ( group B) were injected dexamethasone after successfully establishing the model. The no modeling 3 rabbits were normal control group. The morphologic change of corneal was observed with slit lamp microscope and the areas of CNV was calculated every day, then 8 rabbits were randomly chosen for sacrificing at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21d respectively. The pathological characteristics of CNV were observed after HE staining, and lL - 1β and TNF - α expression was detected by immunohistochemistry.
●RESULTS: CNV was grown at the 4d after suture, and the 7-14d was vigorous growth period. inflammatory cell infiltration appeared after HE staining, and CNV was located at the superficial stroma of cornea. lmmunohistochemistry results showed that lL - 1β and TNF - α expression was gradually increased with prolonged suture time. Compared with corneal stitch group, the rabbits cured by dexamethasone were found with less inflammatory cells infiltrating and neovescularization, moreover, the expression of lL - 1βand TNF-α decreased. There were statistical significance between the two groups (P<0. 05).
● CONCLUSlON: Dexamethasone can inhibit the CNV growth by controlling the inflammation of corneal and restraining lL-1β and TNF-α expression.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the placement of a long tube into the small intestine under fluoroscopic guidance and to evaluate its decompression effect on early postoperative small bowel obstruction (EPSBO).

METHODSFifty-four patients with EPSBO requiring decompression between April 2010 and July 2014 were enrolled in the study. Insertion of a long tube was guided by fluoroscopy. We first used the guide wire to pass the pylorus and then used the 10 Fr feeding tube as an exchangeable tube to put the superstiff wire into the duodenum. Finally the long tube could be passed over the guide wire through the pylorus into the intestine. The total procedure time, the radiation exposure time, and the incidence of complications were evaluated.

RESULTSThe long tubes passed into the jejunum on initial insertion for all patients, so the success rate of this technique was 100%. The long tube was inserted into ileum in 18 patients. The mean total procedure time was 34.4 ± 8.6 minutes, and the mean radiation exposure time 18.9 ± 6.8 minutes. A total of 47 patients (87%) experienced full recovery following long-tube decompression and without the need for surgical intervention.

CONCLUSIONSUsing the wire-exchange technique, it is easy to place a long tube into the small bowel under fluoroscopic guidance. This decompression method is safe and effective for management of EPSBO.

Adult ; Aged ; Decompression, Surgical ; methods ; Female ; Fluoroscopy ; Humans ; Intestinal Obstruction ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies

Objective To explore the distribution and characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in the region in Guangxi with high incidence of primary liver cancer (PLC). Methods 103 pairs of samples from the sex- and age-matched members with HBsAg-positive from PLC-clustering families (the experimental group) and carcinoma-free families (control group) were collected. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing methods were applied for the analysis of HBV genotype. Results Four HBV genotypes: B, C, B/C and D, were detected, the percentages of them in the two groups were 31.1%, 63.1%, 1.9%, 1.9% and 30.1%, 55.3%, 6.8%, 2.9%, respectively, showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). HBeAg positive rates were significantly different between genotype C and B (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were showed in such factors as gender, age, ethnic group and HBV DNA level in them (P > 0.05). Conclusions The main genotypes were types B and C besides a small number of combined genotypes B/C and D in the regions of Guangxi with a high incidence of PLC. There may be few relationships between HBV genotypes and the high incidence of PLC for familial clustering in Guangxi.

AIM: To investigate the role of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in early intestinal injury in scald rats with Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. METHODS: 86 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: normal controls ( n= 10), scald control group( n= 10), postburn sepsis group( n= 50) and SEB monoclonal antibody (MAb)treatment group ( n= 16). Plasma samples were collected to determine SEB, endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) and interferon-? (IFN-?). RESULTS: After scald injury followed by Staphylococcus aureus challenge, the levels of SEB, TNF-? and IFN-? in plasma were significantly higher than those of normal controls, peaking at 2-6 h ( P

Objective To evaluate the significance of color Doppler ultrasound examination of renal blood flow combined with the detection of bone morphogenetic protein-7(BMP-7)in early diagnosis of type 2 diabetic nephropathy.Methods Blood BMP-7 level was tested in 90 patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy and 30 controls,and parameters of renal blood flow were measured by color Doppler ultrasound examination.Blood BMP-7 level as well as resistant index(RI)of segmental renal artery(SRA)and interlobar renal artery(IRA),were compared between these two groups.Results Compared with controls,blood BMP-7 level gradually decreased with the aggravation of diabetic kidney damage(P＜0.01).The peak systolic velocity(Vmax)and the end diastolic velocity(Vmin)of SRA and TRA were slowed gradually,while RI increased(P＜0.01).Blood BMP-7 level was negatively correlated with IRA's and SRA's RI of IRA and SRA(r =-0.603,P＜0.01;r =-0.652,P＜0.01).Conclusions Color Doppler ultrasound examination of renal blood flow combined with detection of BMP-7 might play an important role in early diagnosis of type 2 diabetic nephropathy.