Polyketides are very large group of natural products with functional and structural diversity.Most of them are produced by microor- ganism and have medicinal activities,including antibiotic,anticancer,antifungal and antiparasitic properties.The researchs in this area have progressed greatly.More and more polyketides are discovered,on the other hand the mechanisms of biosynthesis of those various polyketides are researched more deeply and clearly.The article reviewed the progress of the research in the diversity of polyketide synthases and the mechanisms of polyketide biosynthesise.

Objective To observe the effect of sitagliptin combined with insulin aspart 30 in the treatment of secondary failure of sulphonylurea in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Fifty-six cases were divided into group A and group B in random block design, with 28 cases of each group. The patients in group A was treated with sitagliptin combined with insulin aspart 30, while the patients in group B was given subcutaneous injection of insulin aspart 30R. All patients were treated for 12 weeks. Fasting plasma glucose(FPG), 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose(2 hPG), glycosylated hemeglobin(HbA1c), insulin secretion index (HOMA-β), body mass index (BMI), and incidence of low blood glucose before and after treatment were compared. Results Compared with that in group B, FPG [(5.61 ± 1.14) mmol/L vs. (7.8 ± 1.22) mmol/L], 2 hPG [(7.62 ± 1.35) mmol/L vs(9.72 ± 1.41) mmol/L] and HbA1c [(7.11 ± 0.83)%vs.(8.32 ± 1.04)%] in group A had a significant decrease;HOMA-β[(50.31 ± 5.12) vs. (41.86 ± 4.53)] of group A was higher than that of group B (P

Muscle recently has been identified as a good source of adult stem cells that can differentiate into cells of different lineages.Researchers have identified two types of stem cells in skeletal muscle.Further research is necessary to delineate the relationship between different populations of musclederived stem cells(MDSCs)and between MDSCs and other adult stem cells.The methods used to isolate these cells appear to influence the stem cell characteristics.As these efforts continue,the potential for MDSCsbased therapy for other musculoskeletal injuries,as well as for cardiac and smooth muscle injuries,is currently being explored.The behavior,biocharacteristic,isolation,differentiation and the probability of application to regenerate lost or diseased tissue of MDSCs were summarized.

Asthma ; physiopathology ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Maximal Expiratory Flow-Volume Curves ; Oscillometry ; methods ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; physiopathology ; Respiratory Function Tests

Animals ; Diet, High-Fat ; Glucagon ; blood ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Hormones ; blood ; Insulin ; blood ; Leptin ; blood ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Aged ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Silicosis ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To evaluate the application of contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound ( CETRUS) to identify prostate cancer(PCa) from benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH). Methods A total of 86 patients with focal prostatic disease detected by trans rectal ultrasound(TRUS) were enrolled in this study.Each patient underwent grey-scale TRUS, CE-TRUS, and targeted-biopsy of prostateunder ultrasound guidance successively on the same day. The criteria of perfusion pattern would be statistically analyzed among groups divided by pathological findings. Every patient's images of CE-TRUS were observed and features of perfusion pattern were recorded by two doctors who were blind to any clinical data of patient.Then these features recorded by two doctors were compared, if the features were coherent, they would be recorded as final results,and otherwise two doctors would consult till the features were coherent. Results Compared with BPH group, the enhancement features of PCa group were rapid enhancement, increased enhancement, heterogeneous enhancement, well-defined boundary of lesion after enhancement, asymmetric appearance of intraprostatic vessels, rapid decrease, perfusion defect areas within lesions and the roughly discontinuous juncture between enhancement and no enhancement area within lesions. Conclusions There was significant difference in enhancement pattern between BPH and PCa groups, observing enhancement pattern could help to identify prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia.

Purpose:To study the expression of CD44v6 protein in breast carcinoma and its prognostic significance. Methods:100 cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embeded female breast invasive ductal carcinoma tissues were retrospectively analyzed using EnVision~(TM) immunohistochemical method with the monoclonal antibody CD44v6.Statistical analysis was based on the Log-rank test and Cox analysis.Results:Sixty-six of 100 cancer tissues expressed CD44v6.Positive staining was mainly on the cell membranes.There was significant correlation between CD44v6 immunoreactivity and lymph node me- tastasis and TNM stage.The 5-and 10-year survival rates were 82.76% and 78.37% of patients with CD44v6 low-expres- sion tumors,and 64.1% and 49.88% of those with CD44v6 high-expression tumors,respectively;the difference between the two groups of patients was significant(P

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of ZEB2 and E-cadherin mRNA and protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues. METHOD: The expressions of ZEB2 and Ecadherin in 39 cases of NPC tissue and 12 cases of nasopharyngeal inflammation tissue were detected by Real-time PCR method and immunohistochemical technique. To assess their correlations with clinicopathological parameters of NPC and the interrelationship between them. RESULT: Both the expression of ZEB2 mRNA and protein were higher in NPC tissues than that in inflammation tissues (P < 0.05). Abnormal expression of ZEB2 mRNA and protein in NPC were significantly associated to N stage and clinic stage (P < 0.05), but the difference in expression between the different gender, age and T stage were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Both the expression of Ecadherin mRNA and protein were higher in NPC tissues than that in inflammation tissues (P < 0.05). Abnormal expression of Ecadherin mRNA and protein in NPC were significantly associated to N stage (P < 0.05), but the different expression between the different gender, age, T stage and clinic stage were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In NPC tissues, the expression of ZEB2 mRNA was negative correlated with the expression of E-cadherin mRNA (r = -0.367, P < 0.05). The expression of ZEB1 protein was negative correlated with the expression of E-cadherin protein (r = -0.322, P < 0.05), the differences were both statistically significant. CONCLUSION The expression of ZEB2 was up-regulated in NPC, while the expression of E-cadherin was down-regulated, their expression was significantly negative correlated, and might be associated with metastasis of NPC, ZEB2 may promote the invasion and metastasis of NPC by inhibiting the expression of E-cadherin.
Antigens, CD ; Cadherins ; metabolism ; Carcinoma ; Down-Regulation ; Homeodomain Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Nasopharynx ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Repressor Proteins ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Zinc Finger E-box Binding Homeobox 2

Objective To investigate the application of the parenteral nutrition prescriptions for tumor patients in a tertiary hospital .Methods In this cross-sectional study , the parenteral nutrition prescriptions of all tumor inpatients in a tertiary hospital were collected from May to June in 2015 .The general data of patients who had used parenteral nutrition , the types of parenteral nutrition products , as well as the ratio of energy to ni-rogen ( E/N) , glucose/lipid ( G/L) ratio, non-protein energy to nitrogen ratio , and liquid volume were recor-ded and analyzed .Results Parenteral nutrition prescriptions were collected from 528 patients and showed high irrationality.The nutrient insufficiency rate was nearly 58.3%.The E/N (100:1 ~200:1) accounted for 32.3%and the G/L ( 1:1 ~2:1 ) 20.6%.Conclusions The rational application of parenteral nutrition should be a priority in clinical settings .A clinical nutrition supporting team may be established in tertiary hospi-tals to guide the appropriate use of parenteral nutrition .