Aimed at developing new formulation, amorphous solid dispersion of itraconazole was prepared via hot-melt extrusion technology and compared with sporanox for improving its dissolution. According to the solubility parameter and glass transition temperature, Soluplus, Kollidon VA64, HPMCAS and Eudragit EPO were used as carriers. After screening the carriers by modulated temperature-differential scanning calorimetry(MT-DSC), the amorphous solid dispersion was prepared successfully and characterized by MT-DSC, polarized light microscope(PLM), X-ray powder diffraction(XRPD)and Fourier Transform InfraRed(FT-IR). Results suggested that the amorphous form of ITZ solid dispersion and whether the interaction between polymer and ITZ was appeared. Using 30% and 50% drug loading, solid dispersion were tested by in vitro dissolution and kinetic solubility tests. When using Soluplus(3 ∶7)as carrier and extrusion temperature of 170 ℃, dissolution rate of itraconazole was improved significantly compared to Sporanox. In 40 ℃, 75% RH condition, itraconazole in the solid dispersion was amorphous for 30 d with no crystal observed. MT-DSC indicated the molecular level miscibility between Soluplus and amorphous itraconazole was probably the main cause of solubilization. The result from this research help understanding the solublization of amorphous itraconazole and future formulation development.

Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans, livestock, and marine mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) of T. gondii can be used as a new marker for genetic study or a potential vaccine candidate. The partial genome region of the SOD gene was amplified and sequenced from 10 different T. gondii isolates from different parts of the world, and all the sequences were examined by PCR-RFLP, sequence analysis, and phylogenetic reconstruction. The results showed that partial SOD gene sequences ranged from 1,702 bp to 1,712 bp and A + T contents varied from 50.1% to 51.1% among all examined isolates. Sequence alignment analysis identified total 43 variable nucleotide positions, and these results showed that 97.5% sequence similarity of SOD gene among all examined isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these SOD sequences were not an effective molecular marker for differential identification of T. gondii strains. The research demonstrated existence of low sequence variation in the SOD gene among T. gondii strains of different genotypes from different hosts and geographical regions.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cats ; *Genetic Variation ; Goats ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Sheep ; Superoxide Dismutase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Toxoplasma/classification/*enzymology/genetics/isolation & purification ; Toxoplasmosis/*parasitology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/*parasitology

Guided by the theory of latent pathogens， it is believed that the basic pathogenesis of adult-onset Still's disease is the latent pathogens in the deep yin level. The onset of the disease is fundamentally characterized by the deficiency of both qi and yin as the root， with dampness， heat， phlegm， and blood stasis as the branch， which triggered by intruding pathogens activate the latent pathogens in yin level. The treatment focuses on nourishing yin and dispersing heat as the key therapeutic method. It is proposed that clearing and resolving dampness-heat， expelling pathogens outward， dispersing the latent pathogens， reinforcing healthy qi and consolidating the root， boosting qi and nourishing yin as treatment idea. In clinic， Qinghao Biejia Decoction （青蒿鳖甲汤） could be used as the basic formula， and modified with characteristic herb pairs such as Qinghao （Artemisia annua） - Digupi （Lycium chinense） to enrich yin and clear heat， and enforce the power of clearing deficient heat； Biejia （Lawsonia inermis） - Xuchangqing （Vincetoxicum mukdenense） to enrich yin and activate blood， unblock the collaterals and dissipate masses； Duhuo （Angelica biserrata） - Mudanpi （Paeonia × suffruticosa） to dispel wind and activate blood， resolve dampness and unblock the collaterals， so as to clear and warm simultaneously， and regulate qi and blood at the same time； and Chuanshanlong （Dioscorea nipponica） - Difuzi （Bassia scoparia） to dissolve stasis and dispel phlegm， explore and dispel latent pathogens.