Objective To analyze the genetic characteristics and the evolution of the influenza A (H3N2) virus strains circulating in Jiangsu province between 2013 and 2014.Methods This study analyzed thirty-one representative strains of influenza A (H3N2) virus, which were isolated in different regions of Jiangsu province and during different time periods from 2013 to 2014.Results Genetic distances in nucleic acid and amino acid between a strain used for vaccine production (A/Texas/50/2012) and the 31 strains were 0.010 5 and 0.012 4.Similarities between them in nucleic acid and amino acid sequences were 97.9%-99.6% and 97.2%-99.3%.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the 31 strains were divided into three different groups.Three strains isolated in 2013 and three strains isolated in 2014 belonged to Group 1 and Group 2, respectively, while the others belonged to Group 3.Three positive selection sites (237, 366 and 367) in HA protein were observed by REL model.Compared with the strain used for vaccine production, the 31 strains were characterized by amino acid substitutions (N128A/T and P198S/A) in HA protein and all of the mutations located in B-cell epitopes.The total number of mutation sites reached 24.Compared with the A/Texas/50/2012 strain, seven strains presented the glycosylation site 126NWT, and three strains showed disappeared glycosylation sites of 45NSS and 144NNS.Evaluation of vaccine efficacy for A(H3N2) virus strains showed that the vaccine efficacy was not very well.Conclusion The HA gene of A(H3N2) virus had undergone a greater variation and the vaccine efficacy was not very well in Jiangsu province during 2013 to 2014, which made the influenza A(H3N2) virus become the circulating strain.

ObjectiveTo investigate norovirus infection status and indentify its epidemiological characteristics and genotype distribution in infantile viral diarrhea in Jiangsu.MethodsFour hundred and ninety-eight fecal specimens of infantile virus diarrhea cases were collected from Suzhou Children's hospital and Nanjing Children's hospital in 2010.Norovirus genegroup were detected by real-time RT-PCR,and genetype were determined by sequence analysis.Results Among all fecal specimens,2 (0.4％) cases were positive for norovirus G Ⅰ,and 190 (38％) cases for G Ⅱ.Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that in the 2 samples for G Ⅰ,one strain was G Ⅰ 1 and another was G Ⅰ 3.Twenty-one strains were belonged to G Ⅱ 4 and 2 strains were G Ⅱ 3 in the 23 samples for G Ⅱ.ConclusionAs one of the most important pathogens causing infantile viral diarrhea in Jiangsu province,subtype G Ⅱ 4 was the main epidemic strain of norovirus,meanwhile other genotypes also existed.

Objective To analyze the molecular characteristics and genetic origin of a novel avian influenza A H7N4 virus casuing a case of human infection in China. Methods Specimens were collected from the patient and chickens and ducks kept by the patient and neighbours and then detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The original specimens and virus isolates were analyzed by next-generation sequencing technology to obtain viral whole-genome sequences. Pairwise sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis were performed by BLASTs,ClustalX and MEGA 6. 1 softwares. Results In January 2018, a human case infected with avian influenza A H7N4 virus was confirmed. Seven H7N4 viruses were isolated from speci-mens collected from chicken and ducks kept in the patient`s backyard. H7N4 virus was a novel reassortant vi-rus with all eight gene fragments derived from wild waterfowl in Eurasia. HA protein contained a single basic amino acid residue R in cleavage site, suggesting that H7N4 virus was low pathogenic. The receptor-binding sites of HA had QSG at 226-228 residues, which indicated that the virus retained avian-type receptor speci-ficity (SAα2-3Gal). Different from H7N4 viruses in avian, the virus isolated from the patient had substitu-tion at position 627 ( E→K) in PB2 protein, which might increase its adaptation in human host. Conclusion This study reported a case of human infection with a novel reassortant avian influenza A H7N4 virus, which revealed that the traditional backyard breeding models might facilitate cross-species transmission of avian in-fluenza viruses in southern China.