Biliary infection in children includes acute and chronic cholecystitis and cholangitis.The main dinical manifestations of acute cholecystitis are right upper-quadrant abdominal pain which is persistent with nausea and vomiting,Murphy's sign positive.Some of patients have high fever,chills,jaundice,and some severe patients have coma.Acute cholangitis has rapid onset.The most common manifestations are abdominal pain,fever,chills and jaundice which are known as Charcot's triad.A few children's main manifestation is septic shock which has a high mortality.This article described the diagnosis and treatment of biliary inflammation in children.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, nonspecific inflammatory disease of the digestive tract with unknown etiology, complicated pathogenesis and diverse clinical manifestations.Biologic therapies, particularly anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibodies, have fundamentally changed the treatment and course of IBD in children.In recent years, more biologics have been applied to pediatric IBD.This review summarizes the application of different biologics in pediatric IBD and elaborates on the latest research progress in their mechanism of action, efficacy, safety, clinical conversion and combined application, so as to improve the optimal treatment of IBD by pediatricians.

Objective To modify the mouse model of orthotopic left lung transplantation from different perspectives, aiming to establish a simpler, faster and stabler mouse model of lung transplantation. Methods Based on preliminary modified rat model of orthotopic left lung transplantation established by our team, varying extent of modifications were made regarding the tracheal intubation, cannula preparation and anastomosis procedures of orthotopic left lung transplantation in the recipient mice. Orthotopic left lung transplantation in 40 mice were performed by an operator with microsurgical experience. The dissection of the recipient's hilar structure was carried out at the plane of the hilar clamp model within the reverse-view, and the three branches (left main bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein) of the pulmonary hilum were anastomosed in turn by the "pendulum" anastomosis method. The operation time of each procedure was recorded. The recipient mice were sacrificed at postoperative 2 weeks, and the incidence of postoperative complications was recorded. Results Lung transplantation was successfully completed in 40 mice, with no bronchial and vascular tearing or twisting, and no bleeding at the anastomosis site. The overall cardiopulmonary procurement time was (10.7±1.5) min, cannula preparation time was (16.2±1.5) min, cold ischemia time was (25.1±2.4) min, warm ischemia time was (19.4±1.6) min, and the total operation time was (57.2±2.9) min, respectively. During the follow-up from 6 to 14 days after surgery, one recipient mouse died of pleural effusion, probably caused by infection. No pneumothorax, thrombosis or atelectasis was found in the remaining recipient mice during postoperative follow-up. Conclusions The modified mouse model of orthotopic left lung transplantation based on "pendulum" anastomosis of the reverse-view plane possesses multiple advantages of short operation time, high success rate and few complications, which is expected to become an alternative model of studying pathological changes after lung transplantation and worthy of further application.

Objective:To analyze the correlation between the root resorption rate and tooth movement of the maxillary and mandibular incisors before and after orthodontic treatment in adult patients using cone-beam CT (CBCT), and to explore the related factors that affect the apical root resorption.Methods:In this retrospective study, 23 adult patients with classⅠor class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion [2 males and 21 females, mean age (23.4±6.3) years, treatment time (2.1±0.7) years] who received orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance in Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital from January 2017 to June 2021 were enrolled. Full-column CBCT examination was performed before and after treatment. A three-dimensional model was established to observe and record the volume of the maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors before and after treatment. The change of the incisal edge, the angle of rotation of the incisal edge, and the direction of the long axis of the tooth were also measured. The root resorption in each tooth before and after treatment was compared, and the root resorption rate was calculated. Pearson correlation analysis was performed on the root absorption rate before and after treatment with age, treatment time and tooth movement.Results:After treatment, the tooth volume of the maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors decreased significantly ( P<0.01). The root absorption volumes were (20.2±6.0) mm 3 and (11.2±4.7) mm 3 in maxillary central and lateral incisors, and (14.7±4.6) mm 3 and (14.8±5.0) mm 3 in mandibular central and lateral incisors, respectively. The root absorption rates were (9.49±1.75)% and (9.13±3.24)% in maxillary central and lateral incisors, and (8.56±3.43)% and (9.65±2.76)%, in mandibular central and lateral incisors, respectively ( F=0.56, P=0.640). The root resorption rate of maxillary central incisors had a weak positive correlation with the change of sagittal distance of incisal edge ( r=0.36, P=0.015). The root resorption rate of mandibular central incisors had a moderate positive correlation with the vertical movement distance ( r=0.48, P=0.001). The root resorption rate of mandibular lateral incisors was weakly positively correlated with the vertical movement of incisal edge and the treatment time ( r=0.35, P=0.016; r=0.34, P=0.021), and was moderately positively correlated wit the change of sagittal movement of incisal edge ( r=0.44, P=0.002). Conclusions:During orthodontic treatment, both maxillary and mandibular incisors had a certain degree of root resorption, which was related to sagittal and vertical movement of the incisors and the time of orthodontic treatment.