With continuous advancements in medical technology, the tools and techniques for intravenous therapy and infusion are also evolving and innovating. This paper summarizes and analyzes the current application status of intravenous therapy infusion tools and techniques, thus providing deep reflections and suggestions to serve as a beneficial reference and guide for the development of these tools and techniques in China.

Objective:To understand the real feelings of oncology nurses in using arm port, so as to provide basis for taking targeted intervention measures to reduce the problems in the process of nurses using arm port and continuously improve the quality of intravenous therapy.Methods:Using the purposive sampling method, a total of 13 nurses from Oncology Department of Beijing Hospital were selected for in-depth interviews from October to November 2023, and the data were analyzed using Colaizzi's 7-step analysis method.Results:Three themes were extracted, including positive experiences (high sense of security and benefit), growth and reflection and negative experiences (concerns about unknown risks, tension and stress) .Conclusions:As a relatively safe route of administration, arm port is worthy of further promotion and application. There are many concerns among oncology nurses during the use of arm port. It is recommended that medical staff jointly strengthen comprehensive evaluations of patients and managers provide corresponding training and guidance for weak links to alleviate nurses' concerns during the use of arm port, in order to provide patients with higher quality intravenous treatment nursing services.

Objective:To use the best evidence of noninvasive mechanical ventilation related pressure injury prevention in the clinic guided by integrated promoting action on research implementation in health services framework (i-PARIHS) and evaluate its effect.Methods:This study is an unsynchronized before and after control study. Convenience sampling method was used to select patients receiving non-invasive mechanical ventilation from 7 wards of Beijing Hospital from October 2019 to September 2021. A total of 575 patients receiving non-invasive mechanical ventilation from October 2019 to September 2020 were included in the control group and 602 patients from October 2020 to September 2021 were included in the trial group. The control group adopted the usual care measures, and the trial group applied the prevention program for noninvasive ventilation related facial pressure injuries. The incidence of pressure injury was compared between the two groups. Nurses in 7 wards were investigated before and after the intervention program to compare the changes of knowledge level.Results:In the control group, there were 354 males, 221 females, aged (77.13 ± 14.49) years old; in the trial group there were 392 males, 210 females, aged (75.60 ± 14.27) years old. The incidence of pressure injury in the trial group was lower than the control group, but showed no significant difference ( P>0.05). In the control group, 11 cases suffered pressure injury, including 5 cases in stage 2, 6 cases in stage 3 and above. There were 9 cases in the trial group, including 8 in stage 2 and 1 in stage 3 and above. The severity of pressure injury in the trial group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was significant ( χ2 = 3.83, 4.11, both P<0.05). The scores of the nurse′pressure injury knowledge increased from (6.77 ± 1.53) points to (7.15 ± 1.47) points, with a significant difference ( t = -2.31, P<0.05). Conclusions:Management of the prevention of noninvasive mechanical ventilation related facial pressure injury through evidence-based practice can reduce its incidence, reduce its severity, and it is beneficial to improve the clinical nurses' prevention knowledge and clinical practice level of facial pressure injury related to non-invasive mechanical ventilation.

Previous studies have comprehensively evaluated predictive models related to peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis (PICC-RVT) , but have not further elaborated on its application and effect in the tumor patient population. This article reviews the PICC-RVT evaluation tools that are clinically mature and applicable to cancer patients, analyzes the presentation forms, statistical methods, and limitations of different models, in order to provide suggestions and references for model selection by clinical healthcare professionals and the construction of future PICC-RVT prediction models for cancer patients.

Objective:To understand the status quo of the job preparedness among newly recruited nurses and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:Totally 355 newly recruited nurses who joined 5 Class Ⅲ Grade A hospitals nationwide between September 2021 and September 2022 were selected by convenience sampling and investigated by general information surveys, the Work Readiness Scale for Graduate Nurses and the Transition Shock of Newly Graduated Nurses Scale. Logistic regression was employed to analyze the influencing factors of the job preparedness among these newly recruited nurses.Results:A total of 355 questionnaires were distributed, and 350 valid responses were received, with a valid response rate of 98.6%. The overall score for the job preparedness of the newly recruited nurses was (271.05±49.97), with a standardized total score of (73.26±13.57). 208 individuals (59.4%) scored high (standardized total score ≥70), while 142 individuals (40.6%) scored low (standardized total score<70). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the department of employment, part-time job experience, harmonious relationships with classmates during schooling, and the level of transition shock were influencing factors for the job preparedness of the newly recruited nurses ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The job preparedness of newly recruited nurses is influenced by various factors. Nursing educators and managers should adopt targeted educational and management strategies based on the nurses' different experiences, interpersonal relationships, department of employment, and level of transition shock to enhance their job preparedness.

Objective:To investigate the status of venous catheter maintenance in some hospitals in China, so as to provide a reference for standard revision and standardization of venous therapy.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional survey. From October to November 2018, the members of the Intravenous Therapy Nursing Professional Committee of the Chinese Nursing Association selected hospitals in their provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions with the convenience sampling method to conduct a questionnaire survey using the "Venous Catheter Maintenance Questionnaire". A total of 759 questionnaires were distributed in 28 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions across the country, and 740 valid questionnaires were recovered, with a valid recovery rate of 97.5%.Results:Among the 740 hospitals, 737 (99.6%) , 621 (83.9%) , 634 (85.7%) , 373 (50.4%) , and 245 (33.1%) hospitals carried out venous indwelling needles, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) , central venous catheter (CVC) , PORT, midline catheter (MC) maintenance technology, respectively. The proportion of PICC, CVC, PORT, and MC maintenance techniques carried out in Class Ⅲ hospitals was higher than that in Class Ⅱ hospitals, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . A total of 583 hospitals (93.9%, 583/621) routinely maintained PICC once a week during the treatment interval, 351 hospitals (94.1%, 351/373) routinely maintained PORT once every 4 weeks during the treatment interval, and 476 hospitals (64.6 %, 476/737) intravenous indwelling needles were replaced once every 72 to 96 hours. In 492 hospitals (79.2%, 492/621) , the indwelling time of PICC was generally not more than 12 months. In 105 hospitals, MC was indwelled according to the product instructions (42.9%, 105/245) . Most hospitals used 2% chlorhexidine gluconate ethanol solution, iodophor with an available iodine concentration of more than 0.5%, 75% ethanol solution and iodophor for peripheral and central venous maintenance, but 18.4% to 52.6% of hospitals still used unrecommended Ann's iodine or 75% ethanol solution only. When patients developed phlebitis, 525 hospitals (70.9%, 525/740) used hydrocolloid dressings. When patients developed exudation or extravasation, hydrocolloid dressings and gauze dressings were used in 414 (55.9%, 414/740) and 332 (44.9%, 332/740) hospitals, respectively. Conclusions:The maintenance technology of venous catheters in China is widely carried out, which basically conforms to the industry standard Nursing Practice Standards for Intravenous Therapy. However, there is an imbalance in development, and special nursing packages need to be popularized and applied in clinical practice, and the selection of skin disinfectants is not standardized enough, and the relevant standards and norms for the maintenance of medium and long catheters and the treatment of complications need to be formulated urgently.

Objective:To explore the training effect of the first intravenous therapy specialist nurses of the Chinese Nursing Association using the Kirkpatrick model as a theoretical framework.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional survey. In April 2021, convenience sampling was used to select 259 nurses from medical institutions at all levels across the country who participated in the Chinese Nursing Association's 2020 intravenous therapy specialist nurse training as the research subject. The training effect was evaluated with the Intravenous Therapy Specialist Nurse Training Effectiveness Questionnaire from four aspects, namely, the reaction level, learning level, behavior level and result level. A total of 259 questionnaires were distributed, and 169 were valid questionnaires, with a valid recovery rate of 65.3%.Results:In terms of the reaction level, the overall satisfaction of the 259 intravenous therapy specialist nurses with the network theory training was (93.83±8.20) , and the overall satisfaction with the base was (97.15±6.61) . In terms of learning level, 259 intravenous therapy specialist nurses scored (82.90±6.42) in the theoretical test, and the scores in the operation test were all>90, and the self-evaluation scores of 169 intravenous therapy specialist nurses on theoretical knowledge, specialized skills and abilities, communication, consultation and cooperation abilities, scientific research abilities and teaching abilities were (8.17±1.23) , (8.39±1.15) , (8.82±1.18) , (6.36±1.99) , and (7.91±1.60) respectively. In terms of behavior level, 36 (21.3%, 36/169) intravenous therapy specialist nurses reported that there was no change in the work performed or undertaken before and after the training. More than 50% of the intravenous therapy specialist nurses performed no change in the clinical work of intravenous therapy (such as catheterization, maintenance, treatment of complications) , teaching/training, joining the intravenous therapy group, and peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) nursing clinic/consultation. In terms of result level, the average score of professional identity among 169 intravenous therapy specialist nurses was (4.36±0.51) .Conclusions:The Kirkpatrick model effectively evaluates the training effect of intravenous therapy specialist nurses, and can provide a reference for the improvement of the training. Carrying out the intravenous therapy specialist nurse training can improve clinical nurses' theoretical knowledge and clinical practice skills related to intravenous therapy, and enhance their job competence and professional identity. However, the design of online courses needs to be optimized, the scientific research ability of intravenous therapy specialist nurses needs to be further improved, and the role of specialist nurses needs to be further brought into play.

Objective:To explore the application effect of formative evaluation combined with summative evaluation in standardized training for newly recruited nurses.Methods:Using the convenient sampling method, a total of 145 newly recruited nurses in a Class Ⅲ Grade A general hospital in Beijing from August 2015 to August 2018 were selected as the research objects. Using the historical control method, 72 newly recruited nurses from August 2015 and August 2016 were selected as the control group, and 73 newly recruited nurses from August 2017 and August 2018 were selected as the observation group. The control group adopted the summative evaluation method, while the observation group added the formative evaluation method on the basis of the summative evaluation. The assessment results of new nurses of the two groups were compared at the end of the pre-job training, at the third month of employment and at the twelfth month of employment before they were rated. The Mini-clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) and Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) scales were used to evaluate the clinical ability of patients in the observation group at the month of employment and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of employment.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the theoretical results of pre-service training, operation results of the 12th month of employment and nursing assessment results between the two groups ( P>0.05) . The operation results of pre-service training, the operation results of the third month and the passing rate of two-person cardio-pulmonary reanimation at the 12th month of employment in the observation group were all higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05) . The scores of all aspects of Mini-CEX and DOPS scale of the new nurses in the observation group showed an upward trend in the first month of employment and in the third, sixth, ninth and twelfth months. Except for "main technical ability" and "professional quality" in DOPS, the differences in other aspects before and after scoring were statistically significant ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:Formative assessment combined with summative assessment can significantly improve the clinical skills of new nurses in a short time, which is conducive to shorten the growth cycle of new nurses and improve their clinical nursing ability. But, clinical judgment ability, professional consultation and communication ability are the weak links of new nurses. It is recommended to strengthen the attention and training of these aspects, so as to improve the clinical competence of new nurses.

Objective:To explore the COVID-19 knowledge and attitude, and its influences on protective behavior among clinical nurses so as to provide a reference for developing effective intervention strategy.Methods:Cross-sectional investigation was used to hospital-wide nurses selected by convenience sampling in February 2020 through sending a link of Wenjuanxing to work WeChat group of Nursing Department of Beijing Hospital and to circle of friends. Clinical nurses met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were invited to fill in the questionnaire. The self-designed COVID-19 related knowledge, attitude and behavior questionnaire was used to the investigation.Results:Among 750 clinical nurses, the self-assessment of COVID-19 related knowledge was≥7, with 70.04% for the average percentage. There were 91.6% of nurses with the confidence to fight with epidemic situation. After COVID-19 broke out, 94.1% of nurses strictly carried out the hand hygiene. Behavior changes in "wearing gloves when potentially contacting bloods, body fluids, secretions and excreta", "wearing goggles and protective clothing when bloods, body fluids, secretions and excreta potentially splashing" accounted for 89.2%, 81.5% and 71.6% respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that COVID-19 related knowledge of 750 nurses had no correlations with three dimensions "worrying about infecting COVID-19", "effectiveness of standard precaution" and "influencing factors of taking standard precaution" of attitude with no statistical differences ( P>0.05) . The results showed that the clinical knowledge of the first-line nurses of COVID-19 had no impact on the implementation of hand hygiene, but also had impacts on their attitudes ("views on dealing with the epidemic of COVID-19" dimension) and protective behavior habits ( P<0.05) ; their attitudes had no effect on the implementation of hand hygiene, and had impacts on other protective behavior habits ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:COVID-19 related knowledge of clinical nurses need to be improved and protective behavior should be changed further.

Objective:To understand the current status of infusion therapy in Class Ⅱ and Class Ⅲ hospitals in China so as to provide a reference for strengthening infusion therapy management.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional survey. From October to November 2018, convenience sampling was used to select hospitals in provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) where the members of the Infusion Therapy Nursing Professional Committee of Chinese Nurse Association were located for the questionnaire survey. The study adopted the "Survey on Infusion Therapy Nursing in Hospitals at all Levels Nationwide" designed by the Infusion Therapy Nursing Professional Committee of Chinese Nurse Association. A total of 759 questionnaires were distributed in hospitals of 28 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) across the country, and 759 were returned with 743 valid questionnaires, and the effective response rate was 97.9%.Results:On the survey day, the number of inpatients with infusions in the whole hospital accounted for 68.0%-90.0% of the total number of inpatients, with an average of 79.6%; the number of infusion bags was 2.8-4.3 bags per day with an average of 3.4 bags per capita. A total of 628 (85.3%, 628/736) hospitals implemented central venous catheter (CVC) technology, 595 (80.8%, 595/736) hospitals implemented peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) technology. The proportion of blind puncture of PICC and med-length catheter, and ultrasound-guided Seldinger technique in Class Ⅲ hospitals was higher than that in Class Ⅱ hospitals, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . The proportion of PICC catheter tip positioning technology carried out by X-ray and electrocardiography (ECG) in ClassⅢ hospitals was higher than that in ClassⅡ hospitals, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . The team of infusion therapy specialist nurses were mainly undergraduates, intermediate titles with working years of 10 years or more. More than 70% of hospital infusion therapy/PICC specialist nurses were responsible for PICC placement and maintenance, complication management, specialist nursing clinics, consultations and training. Conclusions:The daily infusion volume per capita in China is at a high level, and the management of large infusions needs to be strengthened; infusion therapy technology has been rapidly developed, and the quality management information system for infusion therapy needs to be widely promoted. Our country has initially established a team of high-quality specialist nurses for infusion therapy. The work place of infusion therapy specialist nurses has been expanded, and the work content is mainly clinical practice and teaching. However, there is an imbalance in the development of infusion therapy in different levels of medical institutions, and the development of infusion therapy technology, quality management and information in Class Ⅱ hospitals is relatively backward.